Table 1.
Production of urolithins as ellagitannin metabolites in different animals and humans.
| Animal production | Ellagitannin source | Metabolites | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Pomegranate husk | Uro A, Uro B, Uro C | [6, 20] |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Ellagic acid | Uro A | [27] |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Oak-flavored milk | Uro A, Uro B, Uro C | [28] |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Pomegranate extract | Uro A | [29] |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Geraniin (from Geranium thunbergii) | Uro A, Uro M-6, Uro M-7, Uro M5 | [30] |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) | Pomegranate extract | Uro A | [24] |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) | Pomegranate husk | Uro A | [21] |
| Beaver (Castor canadensis) | Wood | Uro A; Uro B | [15] [21] |
| Complex-toothed squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes) | Unknown | Uro A | [16, 21] |
| Sheep (Ovis aries) | Trifolium subterraneum | Uro A, Uro B | [18] |
| Sheep (Ovis aries) | Quebracho | Uro A | * |
| Cattle (Bos primigenius) | Young oak leaves | Uro A, IsoUro A, Uro B | [31] |
| Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) | Acorns | Uro A, Uro C, Uro D, Uro B | [23] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Pomegranate juice | Uro A, Uro C, Isouro A, Uro B | [7, 9, 25, 32] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Pomegranate extract | Uro A, UroB, Uro C | [10] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Walnuts | Uro A, Uro B, Uro C | [8] [25] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Strawberry | Uro A, Isouro A, Uro B, Uro C | [8, 33] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Raspberry | Uro A, IsoUro A, Uro B | [8, 34] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Blackberry | Uro A, Uro C | * |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Cloudberry | Uro A | * |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Oak-aged red wine | Uro A | [8] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Tea | Uro A | [35] |
| Humans (Homo sapiens) | Nuts | Uro A, Isouro A, Uro B | [36] |
Uro A (urolithin A); Uro B (urolithin B); Uro C (urolithin C); Uro D (urolithin D); Isouro A (isourolithin A); Uro M-5 (urolithin M-5); Uro M-6 (urolithin M-6); and Uro M-7 (urolithin M-7). *Tomás-Barberán et al., unpublished results.