Table 2.
Biological effects of urolithins assayed on human cell lines.
| Test compound | Activity | Test model | Dose/duration | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UA, UB, UC, UD | Antioxidant | PMA DCFH-DA HL-60 cells |
0.04–137 µM, 0.5 h | Inhibit cellular injury caused by ROS | [39] |
| UA, UB | Antioxidant | DMNQ SK-N-MC cells |
0.1–20 μM, 0.5 h | Increase cell survival | [40] |
| UA, UB | Estrogenic Anti-estrogenic |
MCF-7 cells | 0.1–40 μM, 7 d | Induction of cell proliferation (estrogenic)/inhibition of cell proliferation in the presence of estradiol (anti-estrogenic) |
[41] |
| UA, UB | Antimalarial | THP-1 stimulated with haemozoin or TNF-α | 25 μM, 48 h | Inhibit the release and expression of MMP-9 | [42] |
| UA, UB | Anti-inflammatory | CCD18-Co/THP-1 stimulated with TNF-α | 5–40 μM, 48 h | Decrease fibroblasts migration and monocyte adhesion to fibroblasts | [43] |
| UA, UB | Anti-inflammatory | CCD18-Co stimulated with IL-1β |
0.1–40 μM, 18 h | Inhibit PGE2 production and mPGES-1 and COX-2 expression | [44] |
| UA, UB, UAG, UBG | Anti-inflammatory | HAOEC/THP-1 stimulated with TNF-α | 1–20 μM, 4–24 h | Inhibit monocyte adhesion and endothelial cell migration | [45] |
| UA, UB, UC, UD | Anticancer | 22Rv1 EROD assay | 6.75–50 μM, 0.5, 24 h | Inhibit CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 activity | [46] |
| UA, UB | Anticancer | Caco-2 cells | 40 μM, 24–96 h | Cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases | [47] |
| UA | Anticancer | HEK T293 cells Wnt luciferase assay | 0.2–200 µg/mL 48 h |
Wnt pathway inhibition | [48] |
| UA, UB, UC, UD | Anticancer | HT-29 cells | 25–70 μM | Apoptosis induction and CYP1 activity inhibition | [49] |
Caco-2: human colon carcinoma cell line; CCD18-Co: human colon fibroblast cell line; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1; CYP1B1: cytochrome P450, family 1, member B1; DCFH-DA: 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DMNQ: 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; EROD: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay; HAOEC: human aortic endothelial cell line; HEK T293: human embryonic kidney cell line; HL-60: promyelocytic leukaemia cells; HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line; MCF-7: human breast cancer cell line; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate; SK-N-MC: human neuroblastoma cells; THP-1: human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line; UA: urolithin A; UAG: urolithin A glucuronide; UB: urolithin B; UBG: urolithin B glucuronide; UC: urolithin C; UD: urolithin D; 22Rv1: human prostate carcinoma cell line.