Table 1.
Summary of effect estimates (excess risk per 10 μg/m3) from cohort studies on particulate matter (PM10 or PM2.5) and mortality from all causes and cardiovascular diseases
|
Study |
Study population |
Follow-up period |
Pollutant |
Conca (μg/m3) |
Spatial scaleb |
% change in risk (95% CI) in mortality associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase PM |
References |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cause | Cardiovascularc | |||||||
| Harvard six cities |
8111 adults in six US cities |
1976 - 1989 |
PM2.5 |
18 (11–30) |
City |
13(4, 23) |
18 (6, 32) |
[15] |
| Harvard six cities |
8096 adults in six US cities |
1979 -1998 |
PM2.5 |
15 (10–22) |
City |
16 (7, 26) |
28 (13,44) |
[14] |
| Harvard six cities |
8096 adults in six US cities |
1974 - 2009 |
PM2.5 |
16 (11–24) |
City |
14 (7, 22) |
26 (14, 40) |
[16] |
| American Cancer Society (ACS) study |
552, 800 adults from 51 US cities |
1982 - 1989 |
PM2.5 |
18 (9–34) |
City |
26 (8, 47) |
NA |
[17] |
| ACS study |
500,000 adults from 51 US cities |
1982 -1998 |
PM2.5 |
18 (4) |
City |
6 (2, 11) |
9 (3, 16)c |
[18] |
| ACS sub-cohort study |
22,905 subjects in Los Angeles area |
1982 - 2000 |
PM2.5 |
(~9 – 27) |
Zip code (Int) |
17 (5, 30) |
26 (1, 60)c |
[19] |
| German cohort |
4752 women in Ruhr area |
1985 – 2003 |
PM10 |
44 (35–53) |
Address (near) |
12 (−9, 37) |
52 (8, 114) |
[20] |
| German cohort |
4752 women in Ruhr and surrounding area |
1985 - 2008 |
PM10 |
44 (35–53) |
Address (near) |
22 (6, 41) |
61 (26, 104) |
[21] |
| Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study |
65,893 postmenopausal women from 36 US metropolitan areas |
1994-1998 |
PM2.5 |
14 (3–28) |
Zip code (near) |
NA |
76 (25,147) |
[22] |
| Netherlands Cohort Study |
120, 852 subjects from Netherlands |
1987 -1996 |
PM2.5 |
28 (23–37) |
Address (LUR) |
6 (−3, 16) |
4 (−10, 21) |
[23] |
| Nurses’ Health Study |
66,250 women from the US north eastern metropolitan areas |
1992-2002 |
PM10 |
22 (4) |
Address (LUR) |
11 (1,23) |
35 (3, 77) |
[24] |
| Nurses’ Health Study |
66,250 women from the US north eastern metropolitan areas |
1992-2002 |
PM2.5 |
14 (6–28) |
Address (LUR) |
26 (2, 54) |
NA |
[25] |
| Medicare national cohort |
13.2 million elderly Medicare recipients across the USA |
2000 - 2005 |
PM2.5 |
13 (4) |
Zip code (Mean) |
4 (3, 6)d |
|
[26] |
| California teachers study |
45,000 female teachers |
2002 -2007 |
PM2.5 |
18 (7–39) |
Address (near) |
6 (−4, 16) |
19 (5, 36)c |
[27] |
| Swiss national cohort |
National census data linked with mortality |
2000 - 2005 |
PM10 |
19 (>40)e |
Address (Disp) |
NA |
−1 (−3, 0) |
[28] |
| Health professionals follow-up study |
17,545 highly educated men in the midwestern and northeastern US |
1989 – 2003 |
PM2.5 |
18 (3) |
Address (LUR) |
−14 (−28,2) |
3 (−17, 26) |
[29] |
| Vancouver cohort |
452,735 Vancouver residents 45–85 yr |
1999 – 2002 |
PM2.5 |
4 (0 – 10) |
Address (LUR) |
NA |
7 (-14, 32) |
[30] |
| China nat. hypertension survey |
70,497 men and women |
1991 - 2000 |
TSP |
289 (113–499) |
City |
0.3 (0, 1) |
1 (0, 2) |
[31] |
| US trucking industry cohort |
53,814 men in the US trucking industry |
1985 -2000 |
PM2.5 |
14 (4) |
Address (near) |
10 (3, 18) |
5 (−7, 19) |
[32] |
| Chinese retrospective cohort study |
9,941 adults from five districts of Shenyang city |
1998 -2009 |
PM10 |
154 (78–274)f |
District (mean) |
53 (50, 56) |
55 (51, 60) |
[33] |
| Canadian national cohort |
2.1 million nonimmigrant Canadians . > 25 yr |
1991 - 2001 |
PM2.5 |
9 (2 – 19) |
Enumeration area, N = 45710 (satellite) |
10 (5, 15) |
15 (7, 24) |
[34] |
| New Zealand Census mortality study |
1.06 million adults in urban areas from 1996 census |
1996 -1999 |
PM10 |
8 (0 – 19) |
Census tract (Disp) |
7 (3, 10) |
6 (1, 11) |
[35] |
| California teachers study |
101,784 female teachers |
1997- 2005 |
PM2.5 |
16 (3–28) |
Address (Inter) |
1 (−5, 9) |
7 (−5, 19) |
[36] |
| Nippon data cohort |
7,250 adults > 30 yr throughout Japan |
1980 - 2004 |
PM10 |
<27 - > 43 |
District (near) |
−2 (−8, 4) |
−10 (−19, 0) |
[37] |
| Rome longitudinal study | 1,265,058 adults from Rome | 2001 - 2010 | PM2.5 | 23 (7 – 32) | Address (DISP, 1 km grid) | 4 (3, 5) | 6 (4, 8) | [38] |
a Mean with minimum – maximum in parentheses (μg/m3). One number in parentheses is standard deviation.
b Spatial scale of exposure assignment, in parentheses exposure assignment method. City = average of monitors within the city; Near = nearest monitor concentration; LUR = land use regression; Disp = dispersion modeling; Inter = interpolation.
c Cardio-pulmonary mortality reported if cardiovascular mortality not available.
d Combining the estimates from the three regions of the USA.
e Median and 90th percentile reported.
f Very high pollution levels that changed significantly during follow-up changing the ranking of the five districts.
Studies adjusted for individual smoking except references [26,28,30,34,38,56].