Table 2.
Effect modification of the effect (excess risk per 10 μg/m3) of PM2.5 on cardiovascular mortality
| Subgroup | ACS [[18]]a | NLCS [[23]] | Harvard six city [[43]] | Nurses health [[24]] | WHI [[22]] | AHSMOG [[40]] | AHSMOG [[41]] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Men |
5 (0, 11) |
3 (−5, 12)b |
33 (8, 63)a |
NA |
NA |
4 (−3,11) |
−10 (−−24, 5) |
| Women |
6 (0, 12) |
7 (0, 14) |
20 (−6, 53) |
|
|
−3 (−9, 2) |
42 (6, 90) |
|
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
6 (1, 12) |
13 (−4, 32) |
36 (2, 82) |
83 (20, 179) |
18 (−1, 40) |
NA |
NA |
| Former |
5 (0, 11) |
−4 (−17, 13) |
29 (−3, 72) |
22 (−18, 83) |
21 (1, 52) |
|
|
| Current |
4 (−2, 11) |
3 (−10, 19) |
35 (94, 74) |
−12 (−48, 48) |
68 (6, 166) |
|
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
11 (6, 18) |
20 (−10, 70)a |
45 (13, 85) |
|
40 (11, 75) |
NA |
NA |
| Medium |
6 (1, 13) |
2 (−16, 24) |
30 (−2,73) |
|
33 (14, 55) |
|
|
| High |
1 (−3, 6) |
−10 (−35, 20) |
−3 (−29, 34) |
|
11 (−6, 31) |
|
|
|
Body mass index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-Obese |
NA |
NA |
NA |
8 (−24, 52) |
−1 (−10, 29)c |
NA |
NA |
| Obese | 99 (23, 222) | 35 (12, 64)c |
a Read from graph.
b natural-cause mortality.
c for BMI < 22.5, continuous trend observed NA = not available.