Table 3.
Summary of effect estimates (excess risk per 10 μg/m3) from cohort studies on coarse particulate matter and elemental carbon (per 1 μg/m3) and mortality from all causes and cardiovascular diseases
|
Study name |
Study design |
Follow-up period |
Pollutant |
Conca (μg/m3) |
Spatial scaleb |
% change in risk (95% CI) in mortality |
References |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All causes | Cardiovascularc | |||||||
|
Coarse PM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ACS study |
500,000 adults 51 US cities |
1982 - 1998 |
PM2.5–15 |
19 (6) |
City |
1 (−2 3) |
2 (−2, 5)* |
[18] |
| AHSMOG study |
3769 California seventh-day Adventists |
1977 – 1992 |
PM2.5–15 |
27 (4 – 44) |
Address (Inter) |
5 (−8, 20) |
NA |
[63] |
| Nurses’ Health Study |
66,250 women from US north eastern metropolitan areas |
1992- 2002 |
PM2.5–10 |
8 (0 – 27) |
Address (LUR) |
3 (−11, 18) |
NA |
[25] |
| Health professionals follow-up study |
17,545 highly educated men in the midwestern and northeastern US |
1989 – 2003 |
PM2.5–10 |
10 (3) |
Address (LUR) |
−10 (−22, 4) |
8 (−10, 29) |
[29] |
|
EC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Netherlands Cohort Study |
120, 852 subjects from Netherlands |
1987 - 1996 |
BSe |
17 (9–36) |
Address (LUR) |
5 (0, 11) |
4 (−5, 13) |
[23] |
| ACS study (extended) |
500,000 adults 51 US cities |
1982 – 1998 |
EC |
IQR = 0.31 |
City |
6 (1, 11) |
11 (3, 19) |
[64] |
| Worcester MI survivors |
3,895 MI patients |
1995 - 2005 |
EC |
0.4 (0.1 – 0.9) |
Address (LUR) |
2 (−7, 11)d |
NA |
[65] |
| 15 (3, 29) | ||||||||
| Vancouver cohort |
452,735 Vancouver residents 45–85 yr |
1999 – 2002 |
BC |
1.5 (0–5) |
Address (LUR) |
NA |
6 (3, 9) |
[30] |
| PAARC |
14,284 adults in 24 French areas |
1974 – 1998 |
BS |
44 (18–77) |
Address (near) |
7 (3, 10) |
5 (−2, 12) |
[42] |
| Veteran’s study |
70,000 male US veterans |
1997 – 2001 |
EC |
0.6 (0.1 – 2.0) |
County (mean) |
18 (5, 33) |
NA |
[66] |
| California teachers study |
45,000 female teachers |
2002 -2007 |
EC |
1.1 (0.2 – 2.4) |
Address (near) |
3 (−11,19) |
11 (−9, 36) |
[27] |
| Two Scotch cohorts | 15, 402 and 7,028 adults from West-central and central Scotland | 1972 - 1998 1970 - 1998 | BS | 19 | LUR + temporal | 5 (1,9) | 7 (0, 13) | [67] |
a Mean with minimum – maximum in parentheses (μg/m3). One number in parentheses is standard deviation.
b Spatial scale of exposure assignment, in parentheses exposure assignment method. City = average of monitors within the city; Near = nearest monitor concentration; LUR = land use regression; Disp = dispersion modeling; Inter = interpolation.
c Cardio-pulmonary mortality reported if cardiovascular mortality not available.
d HRs for first two years after MI and after the first two years of survival.
e BC (Black Carbon), BS (Black Smoke) and EC (Elemental carbon) are different markers used to assess soot. Increases consistent with a 1 μg/m3 increase in EC were used [7].
Studies adjusted for individual smoking except references [26,28,30,34,38,56].