Table 5.
Summary of the studies on particulate matter and NO2 and mortality from specific cardiovascular diseases (excess risk per 10 μg/m3)
|
Study name |
Pollutant |
Conca (μg/m3) |
Spatial scaleb |
% change in risk (95% CI) in mortality associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase |
References |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IHD mortality | M.I mortality | Cerebrovascular mortality | |||||
| ACS study |
PM2.5 |
17 (5) |
City |
18 (14, 23) |
NA |
2 (−5, 10) |
[39] |
| Oslo cohort |
NOx |
11 (1 – 168) |
Address (DISP) |
8 (3, 12) |
NA |
4 (−6, 15) |
[68] |
| Women’s Health Initiative Study |
PM2.5 |
14 (3–28) |
Zip code 5 (near) |
76 (25,147) |
NA |
NA |
[22] |
| Netherlands Cohort Study |
BS |
17 (9–36) |
Address (LUR) |
1 (−17, 22) |
NA |
39 (−1, 94) |
[23] |
| Nurses’ Health Study |
PM10 |
22 (4) |
Address (LUR) |
35 (3, 77) |
NA |
NA |
[24] |
| Nurses’ Health Study |
PM2.5 |
14 (6–28) |
Address (LUR) |
NA |
102 (7, 278) |
NA |
[25] |
| California teachers study |
PM2.5 |
18 (7–39) |
Address (near) |
55 (24, 93) |
NA |
NA |
[27] |
| Swiss national cohort |
PM10 |
19 (>40)c |
Address (Disp) |
−1 (−3, 0) |
NA |
−1 (−2, 0) |
[28] |
| Health professionals follow-up study |
PM2.5 |
18 (3) |
Address (LUR) |
−2 (−30, 35) |
NA |
NA |
[29] |
| Canadian national cohort |
PM2.5 |
9 (2 – 19) |
Enumeration area, N = 45710 (satellite) |
30 (18,43) |
NA |
4 (−7, 16) |
[34] |
| Californian Teachers study |
PM2.5 |
16 (3–28) |
Address (Inter) |
20 (2, 41) |
NA |
16 (−8, 46) |
[36] |
| Shizuoka elderly cohort |
NO2 |
25 (−19, 75) |
Address (LUR) |
27 (2, 58) |
NA |
9 (−6, 27) |
[70] |
| Nippon data cohort |
PM10 |
<27 - > 43 |
District (near) |
−8 (−27, 17) |
NA |
−14 (−26,1) |
[37] |
| DCH |
NO2 |
17 (11 – 60) |
Address (Disp) |
7 (−9, 26) |
NA |
6 (−14, 32) |
[69] |
| Ontario Tax cohort |
NO2 |
43 (8), 31 (6), 24 (5)c |
Address (LUR) |
9 (4, 14) |
NA |
−4 (−10, 5) |
[71] |
| Rome longitudinal study |
PM2.5 |
23 (7 – 32) |
Address (DISP, 1 km grid) |
10 (6, 13) |
NA |
8 (4, 13) |
[38] |
|
M.I. registry studies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stockholm |
NO2 |
14 (3 – 32) |
Address (DISP) |
NA |
15 (−1, 33) |
NA |
[72] |
| Rome residents |
NO2 |
(<30 - > 60) |
Census block (LUR) |
NA |
7 (2, 12) |
NA |
[73] |
| Stockholm residents | NO2 | 12 (2 – 33) | Address (DISP) | NA | 8 (5, 11) | NA | [74] |
IHD = ischemic heart disease; MI = myocardial infarction. Fatal MI reported for registry studies. NA = not available.
a Mean with minimum – maximum in parentheses (μg/m3). One number in parentheses is standard deviation.
b Spatial scale of exposure assignment, in parentheses exposure assignment method. City = average of monitors within the city; Near = nearest monitor concentration; LUR = land use regression; Disp = dispersion modeling; Inter = interpolation.
c Median and 90th percentile reported.
Studies adjusted for individual smoking except references [26,28,30,34,38,56].