Table 2.
Mean levels (including 95% Confidence Intervals) of perceived stress, number of life events, active and avoidance coping for adolescents by parents’ highest education and household income
|
Perceived Stress |
Negative life events |
Active coping |
Avoidance coping |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (range: 0–16) | (range: 0–5) | (range: 1–4) | (range: 1–4) | ||||||
| |
|
Boys |
Girls |
Boys |
Girls |
Boys |
Girls |
Boys |
Girls |
| 4.87 (4.75-4.99) |
5.64 (5.51-5.78) |
0.54 (0.50-0.59) |
0.65 (0.60-0.69) |
2.65 (2.62-2.68) |
2.62 (2.60-2.65) |
1.94 (1.92-1.97) |
1.97 (1.94-1.99) |
||
|
Highest educational level in household (2003) |
N (percent) |
p = 0.071 |
p = 0.003 |
p = 0.002 |
p < 0.000 |
p = 0.167 |
p = 0.035 |
p = 0.669 |
p = 0.004 |
| Primary school (< 10 years) |
229 (10.2) |
5.35 (4.97-5.74) |
6.46 (6.08-6.84) |
0.83 (0.68-1.00) |
1.06 (0.89-1.22) |
2.66 (2.56-2.75) |
2.60 (2.53-2.68) |
2.04 (1.96-2.13) |
2.04 (1.96-2.11) |
| High School/Vocational training (10–12 years) |
1169 (52.0) |
4.81 (4.64-4.98) |
5.59 (5.41-5.77) |
0.53 (0.47-0.59) |
0.59 (0.53-0.66) |
2.62 (2.58-2.66) |
2.59 (2.56-2.63) |
1.93 (1.89-1.96) |
1.99 (1.96-2.02) |
| Higher education (KVU/MVU) (13–15 years) |
704 (31.3) |
4.76 (4.54-4.97) |
5.46 (5.21-5.70) |
0.41 (0.35-0.48) |
0.50 (0.43-0.57) |
2.67 (2.62-2.72) |
2.65 (2.60-2.69) |
1.92 (1.88-1.97) |
1.91 (1.87-1.95) |
| University or equivalent (> 15 years) |
148 (6.6) |
4.49 (4.03-4.94) |
5.07 (4.57-5.57) |
0.31 (0.19-0.43) |
0.44 (0.29-0.59) |
2.74 (2.63-2.85) |
2.79 (2.68-2.90) |
1.98 (1.87-2.10) |
1.93 (1.84-2.01) |
|
Household income (2003) |
|
p < 0.000 |
p = 0.004 |
p < 0.000 |
p < 0.000 |
p = 0.234 |
p = 0.003 |
p = 0.072 |
p = 0.472 |
| 1. tertile (< 77,382 US $) |
593 (26.1) |
5.42 (5.18-5.67) |
5.86 (5.63-6.09) |
1.03 (0.93-1.13) |
1.13 (1.02-1.23) |
2.59 (2.53-2.64) |
2.65 (2.60-2.69) |
2.02 (1.97-2.06) |
2.00 (1.96-2.05) |
| 2. tertile (77,382-100,531 US $) |
805 (35.4) |
4.77 (4.57-4.98) |
5.86 (5.63-6.10) |
0.41 (0.35-0.47) |
0.53 (0.46-0.60) |
2.66 (2.61-2.70) |
2.55 (2.51-2.60) |
1.91 (1.87-1.96) |
1.97 (1.93-2.01) |
| 3. tertile (>100,531 US $) | 879 (38.6) | 4.55 (4.36-4.74) | 5.26 (5.05-5.48) | 0.31 (0.26-0.36) | 0.35 (0.29-0.40) | 2.68 (2.64-2.73) | 2.66 (2.62-2.71) | 1.92 (1.88-1.96) | 1.94 (1.90-1.97) |
P-values indicate test for mean differences across the two SES- measures estimated separately for boys and girls.
Stratified by gender.