Table 2.

Emerging prostate cancer biomarkers in development

Biomarker	Definition	Change in prostate cancer	Method of detection	Obtained from
% Free PSA	The fraction of PSA not bound to blood serum proteins	Decreased	Immunoassay	Serum
[−2]pro-PSA	Precursor PSA protein with 2 additional 5' amino acids	Increased	Immunoassay	Serum
[−5]pro-PSA	Precursor PSA protein with 5 additional 5' amino acids	Increased	Immunoassay	Serum
[−7]pro-PSA	Precursor PSA protein with 7 additional 5' amino acids	Increased	Immunoassay	Serum
TMPRSS2-ERG	Gene fusion mRNA product between TMPRSS2 and ERG	Increased	Transcription-mediated amplification, PCR	Urine
PCA3	Long noncoding RNA transcript upregulated in cancer	Increased	Transcription-mediated amplification, PCR	Urine
Sarcosine	Small metabolite generated during glycine metabolism	Increased	Mass spectrometry	Urine