Table 5.
Carryover effect of outcome variables between and within the three treatment groups
| Computer-assisted EL memory training group
|
Therapist-led EL memory training group
|
Waiting-list control group
|
P value## | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| MMSE | −1.67 (3.39) | −1.33 (3.14) | −0.29 (2.21) | 0.57 |
| P value# | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.75 | |
| GDS | 0.50 (1.38) | 0.33 (0.82) | 0.00 (1.53) | 0.58 |
| P value# | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.99 | |
| DRS | −7.00 (5.48) | −1.83 (7.99) | −0.86 (5.08) | 0.42 |
| P value# | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.59 | |
| HKLLT | −1.67 (2.94) | −0.50 (4.85) | 2.29 (4.50) | 0.23 |
| P value# | 0.21 | 0.79 | 0.17 | |
| MBI | 0.33 (0.82) | 0.00 (3.63) | 1.29 (3.15) | 0.73 |
| P value# | 0.32 | 0.99 | 0.36 | |
| HKLIADL | −3.17 (3.76) | 0.67 (4.13) | 0.43 (2.23) | 0.15 |
| P value# | 0.09 | 0.68 | 0.59 | |
| BAPM | 0.00 (0.23) | 0.20 (0.50) | 0.20 (0.35) | 0.67 |
| P value# | 0.99 | 0.47 | 0.23 |
Notes:
#
P value by Wilcoxon signed rank test for within-group carryover effect;
##
P value by Kruskal-Wallis test for between-group carryover effect. negative scores on GDS and BAPM indicate improvement.
Abbreviations: EL, errorless learning; SD, standard deviation; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form; DRS, Dementia Rating Scale; HKLLT, Hong Kong List Learning Test; BAPM, Brief Assessment of Prospective Memory-Short Form; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; HKLIADL, Hong Kong Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale.