Table 1.
STRESS RELATED GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURE INDUCED BY METFORMIN
| Gene | Fold induction | Gene | Fold induction |
|---|---|---|---|
| PTGS1 | −2.60 | HSF1 | 1.47 |
| GDF15 | 25.61 | HSPA1A | −1.12 |
| CYP1A1 | 3.38 | HSPA1L | −1.24 |
| DDIT3 | 3.29 | HSPA2 | −1.12 |
| ANXA5 | 1.15 | HSPA4 | −1.21 |
| ATM | −1.24 | HSPA5 | 1.28 |
| *BAX | 2.03 | HSPA6 | 1.35 |
| BCL2L1 | −1.32 | HSPA8 | −1.10 |
| CASP1 | 1.62 | HSPB1 | 1.37 |
| CASP10 | −1.17 | HSP90AA2 | 1.01 |
| CASP8 | 1.14 | HSP90AB1 | −1.05 |
| CAT | 1.07 | HSPD1 | 1.08 |
| CCL21 | 1.35 | HSPE1 | 1.02 |
| CCL3 | 1.69 | HSPH1 | 1.12 |
| CCL4 | 1.35 | IGFBP6 | −1.03 |
| CCNC | 1.34 | IL18 | 1.61 |
| CCND1 | 1.20 | IL1A | 1.23 |
| CCNG1 | 1.36 | *IL1B | 2.30 |
| CDKN1A | 1.26 | IL6 | 1.45 |
| CHEK2 | 1.32 | *LTA | 2.15 |
| CRYAB | 1.52 | MDM2 | −1.11 |
| *CSF2 | 4.20 | MIF | −1.13 |
| CXCL10 | −1.04 | MT2A | 1.06 |
| *CYP2E1 | − 2.21 | NFKB1 | 1.24 |
| *CYP7A1 | −3.25 | NFKBIA | 1.32 |
| DDB1 | −1.11 | NOS2 | 1.57 |
| DNAJA1 | −1.05 | PCNA | −1.16 |
| DNAJB4 | 1.10 | POR | 1.11 |
| E2F1 | −1.30 | PRDX1 | −1.04 |
| EGR1 | 1.80 | PRDX2 | 1.06 |
| EPHX2 | −1.18 | RAD23A | 1.33 |
| ERCC1 | 1.17 | RAD50 | 1.00 |
| ERCC3 | 1.09 | SERPINE1 | 1.08 |
| FASLG | 1.35 | SOD1 | 1.29 |
MDA-MB-468 cells were cultured for 48 hours in the absence or presence of 1 mM metformin after which cDNA was synthesized and applied to stress and toxicity pathway finder RT-PCR array plates. Data was analyzed by the delta delta CT method. Genes meeting the following criteria were chosen for independent confirmation with separate primer sets: 1) greater than 2 fold induction/repression, 2) CT values less than 30 in at least 1 sample 3) and melt curve profiles consistent with a single gene product. Genes meeting only 2 of these criteria are designated with an *. GDF15, CYP1A1, PTGS1, and DDIT3 are the only four of 84 test genes to meet all three criteria, and are designated in bold type. Gene names are those designated by HGNC (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee).