Table II.

The Ten Steps of Universal Precautions in Pain Medicine

1 Make a diagnosis with appropriate differential

2 Psychological assessment including risk of addictive disorders

3 Informed consent

4 Treatment agreement

5 Pre- and post-intervention assessment of pain level and function

6 Appropriate trial of opioid therapy +/− adjunctive medication

7 Reassessment of pain score and level of function

8 Regularly assess the four “A’s” of pain medicine

9 Periodically review pain diagnosis and comorbid conditions, including addictive disorders

10 Documentation