Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2013 May 29;12:56. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-56

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2013 Arense et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Synthesis of L(-)-carnitine. (A) Chemical synthesis of L(-)-carnitine and crotonobetaine. (B) Metabolism of trimethylammonium compounds in E. coli. Biotransformation of crotonobetaine into L(-)-carnitine. Abbreviations: L(-)-Car: L(-)-carnitine; Crot: crotonobetaine; γ-BB: γ-butyrobetaine; CaiT: L(-)-carnitine/crotonobetaine/γ-butyrobetaine protein transporter; CaiB: crotonobetainyl-CoA:L(−)-carnitine CoA-tranferase; CaiC: L(-)-carnitine, crotonobetaine or γ-butyrobetaine CoA-ligase; CaiD: crotonobetainyl-CoA hydratase. Adapted from [6].