Table 2.

Thermal, cardiovascular, and subjective responses during HS and TN conditions

	Control		MS		RM ANOVA
	HS	TN	HS	TN	Group P value	Treatment P value
Tcore, °C	37.6 ± 0.25†	37.0 ± 0.37	37.6 ± 0.21†	37.0 ± 0.35	0.850	<0.001
Mean Tskin, °C	37.0 ± 0.46†	33.8 ± 0.91	37.3 ± 0.64†	33.7 ± 1.41	0.767	<0.001
Thermal sensation	6.9 ± 0.85†	3.7 ± 0.80*	7.3 ± 0.61†	4.5 ± 0.67	0.025	<0.001
Thermal comfort	3.2 ± 1.01†	1.1 ± 0.31	3.9 ± 1.05†	1.3 ± 0.45	0.107	<0.001
Fatigue (0–100)	21 ± 19.5*†	10 ± 11.0	48 ± 27.2†	18 ± 16.9	0.029	<0.001
Heart rate, beats/min	83 ± 12.6†	65 ± 8.3	88 ± 13.5†	71 ± 8.9	0.238	<0.001
MAP, mmHg	79 ± 6.0*†	82 ± 9.7*	88 ± 5.4†	90 ± 8.6	0.007	0.070

Values are means ± SD. RM, repeated measures; HS, heat stress; TN, thermoneutral; T_core, core temperature; mean T_skin, mean skin temperature; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

^*Significant difference from MS for corresponding condition, P < 0.05.

^†Significant within-group difference from TN condition, determined by post hoc analysis.