Table 1.
Physical characteristics, total and regional body composition of overweight, sedentary women with a history of GDM, controls, and women with type 2 diabetes.
| Premenopausal GDM (n=11) | Postmenopausal GDM (n=20) | Postmenopausal controls (n=26) | Postmenopausal T2DM (n=16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44±1*, † , ‡ | 58±1 | 57±1 | 59±2 |
| Race (AA/C) | 0/11 | 6/14 | 5/21 | 2/14 |
| NGT/IGT/T2DM | 6/3/2 | 8/6/6 | 17/9/0 | 0/0/16 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.9±3.3 | 86.2±2.1 | 87.7±3.0 | 85.8±4.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4±1.2 | 33.3±0.8 | 33.2±1.0 | 33.6±1.4 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.0±1.9 | 96.8±2.1 | 95.7±2.2 | 98.3±3.8 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.81±0.01 | 0.83±0.01 | 0.82±0.01 | 0.85±0.02 |
| VO2max (ml/kg per min) | 23.3±1.6*, † , ‡ | 20.2±0.9 | 19.8±0.5 | 18.0±1.2 |
| Percent body fat | 41.6±2.2 | 46.3±0.9 | 46.1±1.0 | 45.8±1.8 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 33.8±3.2 | 39.7±1.5 | 39.7±2.0 | 39.8±2.8 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 45.7±0.8 | 47.8±1.8 | 45.6±1.4 | 50.4±3.4 |
| VAT (cm2) | 101.0±8.9*, † , ‡ | 169.5±12.5 | 163.0±12.1 | 176.6±24.1 |
| SAT (cm2) | 393.9±44.2 | 467.7±22.0 | 482.4±26.2 | 450.7±31.9 |
| Sagittal diameter (cm) | 23.6±0.8 | 26.9±0.7 | 26.6±0.6 | 26.2±1.0 |
| Mid-thigh fat (cm2) | 166.3±19.6 | 189.8±14.9 | 197.8±14.1 | 141.6±13.5§ , ∥ |
| Mid-thigh muscle (cm2) | 94.0±3.8† , ‡ | 81.0±4.9 | 79.0±3.0 | 75.2±4.5 |
| Mid-thigh low density lean tissue (cm2) | 15.4±1.6 | 18.4±2.9 | 17.9±2.2 | 16.7±2.3 |
VAT, visceral adipose tissue area; SAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area. Values are means±s.e.m. *P<0.05 premenopausal GDM vs postmenopausal GDM. † P<0.05 premenopausal GDM vs controls. ‡ P<0.05 premenopausal GDM vs postmenopausal T2DM. § P<0.05 postmenopausal GDM vs postmenopausal T2DM. ∥ P<0.05 postmenopausal controls vs postmenopausal T2DM.