Figure 2.

Computed tomography of an endometrial sarcoma patient, and autophagy induction in patient ascites tumor cells after combination treatment. (a–c) Metastases near the pancreas (white arrowheads) (a) before treatment, and injected target lesions (b) after the first round of oncolytic virotherapy together with metronomic cyclophosphamide (CP), and temozolomide (TMZ) for 5 days before virus resulted in 5% decrease in tumor diameters. (c) Second treatment with Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF, metronomic CP, and TMZ for 5 days before virus resulted in 15% reduction. (d) Pre- and post-treatment ascites cells of two pancreatic carcinoma patients treated with Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-CD40L virus, metronomic CP, and TMZ for 7 days after virus were assessed for autophagy by LC3 immunohistochemistry. Higher frequency of LC3 punctate-positive tumor cells (black arrowheads) was observed in post-treatment samples (right column) indicative of autophagy induction. No clinical information was available for these patients and therefore they are not included in the other display items. GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.