Table 1.
Total Sample Characteristics and Out-of-Network Use, Involuntary and Voluntary Out-of-Network Use, and Non-Transparent Out-of-Network Costs by Demographic Characteristics
| Characteristic | Total Sample unwt n (wt % of total sample) | Out-of-Network Use* unwt n (wt % of row characteristic) | p | Voluntary Out-of-Network Use* unwt n (wt % of row characteristic) | p | Involuntary Out-of-Network Use* unwt n (wt % of row characteristic) | p | Non-Transparent Out-of-Network Costs* unwt n (wt % of row characteristic) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 7,812 (100) | 721 (8.3) | 546 (6.0) | 247 (3.1) | 364 (4.3) | ||||
| Age | |||||||||
| 18–29 | 531 (18.1) | 59 (10.2) | .06 | 33 (6.4) | .75 | 31 (4.4) | .11 | 32 (5.1) | .12 |
| 30–49 | 2,755 (43.8) | 218 (7.1) | 167 (5.6) | 74 (2.6) | 103 (3.4) | ||||
| 50–64 | 4,526 (38.1) | 444 (8.7) | 346 (6.3) | 142 (3.1) | 229 (4.9) | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 2,055 (43.8) | 154 (6.4) | <.001 | 112 (4.5) | <.001 | 60 (2.6) | .12 | 90 (3.8) | .20 |
| Female | 5,757 (56.2) | 567 (9.7) | 434 (7.2) | 187 (3.6) | 274 (4.7) | ||||
| Race | |||||||||
| White | 6,522 (75.2) | 622 (8.5) | .55 | 475 (6.1) | .70 | 203 (3.1) | .90 | 304 (4.4) | .72 |
| Nonwhite | 1,290 (24.8) | 99 (7.7) | 71 (5.7) | 44 (3.2) | 60 (4.0) | ||||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/living with partner | 5,861 (71.9) | 505 (7.3) | .002 | 390 (5.5) | .06 | 164 (2.4) | .002 | 252 (3.7) | .06 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1,064 (10.6) | 110 (9.6) | 81 (6.2) | 40 (4.4) | 56 (5.4) | ||||
| Never married | 887 (17.5) | 106 (11.6) | 75 (8.0) | 43 (5.3) | 56 (5.8) | ||||
| Education | |||||||||
| High school or less | 885 (26.4) | 53 (6.1) | .03 | 35 (4.1) | .03 | 27 (3.1) | .11 | 31 (3.4) | .31 |
| Some college | 2,765 (31.0) | 244 (9.4) | 168 (6.3) | 106 (4.0) | 133 (4.9) | ||||
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 4,162 (42.6) | 424 (8.8) | 343 (7.0) | 114 (2.5) | 200 (4.4) | ||||
| Income (per year) | |||||||||
| <$35,000 | 825 (14.1) | 80 (12.0) | <.001 | 51 (7.6) | <.001 | 42 (6.6) | <.001 | 44 (7.1) | <.001 |
| $35,000–$59,000 | 1,853 (27.5) | 123 (5.2) | 89 (3.8) | 48 (2.6) | 65 (2.7) | ||||
| $60,000–$100,000 | 2,858 (34.5) | 258 (7.7) | 198 (5.6) | 87 (2.4) | 125 (3.8) | ||||
| >$100,000 | 2,276 (23.9) | 260 (10.5) | 208 (8.3) | 70 (2.8) | 130 (5.1) | ||||
| Residence in metropolitan area | |||||||||
| Yes | 6,820 (86.4) | 640 (8.5) | .16 | 494 (6.2) | .31 | 208 (3.2) | .69 | 313 (4.3) | .86 |
| No | 992 (13.6) | 81 (6.6) | 52 (4.9) | 39 (2.9) | 51 (4.4) | ||||
| Region of country | |||||||||
| Northeast | 1,432 (20.8) | 152 (9.3) | .21 | 123 (6.8) | .14 | 45 (3.1) | .79 | 76 (4.2) | .33 |
| Midwest | 2,298 (24.0) | 169 (6.7) | 119 (4.5) | 68 (2.9) | 100 (4.3) | ||||
| South | 2,284 (33.4) | 220 (8.9) | 162 (6.6) | 83 (3.5) | 119 (5.0) | ||||
| West | 1,798 (21.8) | 180 (8.2) | 142 (6.1) | 51 (2.8) | 69 (3.3) | ||||
| Health status (self-reported) | |||||||||
| Excellent, very good, or good | 7,171 (91.4) | 649 (8.0) | .04 | 495 (5.8) | .18 | 213 (2.8) | .006 | 322 (3.9) | .006 |
| Fair or poor | 627 (8.6) | 72 (11.8) | 51 (8.0) | 34 (6.5) | 42 (8.0) | ||||
Note. Sample includes respondents ages 18–64 in private health plans with provider networks using at least one physician or mental health professional in the last year. For Total Sample, column percentages sum to 100 percent. For Out-of-Network Use, Involuntary and Voluntary Out-of-Network Use, and Out-of-Network Costs, means within category are presented. p-values in bold are significant at <.05.
*
Outcomes include any inpatient or outpatient contact.