Table 2. Parameters of the full co-infection model.

Parameter	Definition	Baseline value	Details
	Biting rate (number of bites taken per vector per day)	0.2–0.5 days−1	Parameter varied to assume vectors bite on average once every 2 to 5 days
	Birth rate of humans	1/18,250 days−1	Equal to host death rate to ensure constant population size
	Birth rate of vectors	1/10 days−1	Equal to vector death rate to ensure constant population size
	Death rate of humans	1/18,250days−1	Assumes host average life expectancy of 50 years
	Death rate of worms	13/37500 days−1	[39]
	Death rate of microfilariae	1/300 days−1	[39]
	Death rate of vectors	0.1 days−1	Approximate mortality at 25°C [56]
	Probability of infectious vectors transferring infection to susceptible hosts	1/25	[57]
	Probability of infectious hosts transferring infection to susceptible vectors	9/100	[57]
	Production rate of mf per worm	1/15 days−1	[39]
	Rate of development from immature to L3 larvae	0.08 days−1	Development rate of [58] evaluated at 25°C
	Rate at which infected hosts become infectious	1/10 days−1	[57]
	Rate at which infected vectors become infectious	0.02 days−1	Evaluation of at T = 25°C (where for P. falciparum) [34]
	Rate at which humans return to susceptible from recovered	1/7 days−1	Host population assumed to experience loss of immunity within 1 week
	Proportion of L3 leaving mosquitoes per bite	0.414	[39]
	Proportion of L3 leaving mosquitoes that enter host	0.0003	[39], [59]
	Death rate of larvae	0 days−1	Larval mortality assumed to arise only due to vector mortality
	Additional mortality rate of larval-infected vectors with malaria status	0.1 days−1	Uncertain parameter varied in sensitivity analysis (but within bounds to ensure realistic vector mortality at 25°C)
	Probability of mf entering the vector upon biting an LF-infected host	0.37	[39]
	Probability of mf entering the vector developing into L3 larvae	1	[39] [25]
	Force of immunity (strength of immune response)	0.2	[39], [59]