Table 2.
Multilevel growth models of depressive symptoms between 2000 and 2006 among residentially stable US urban adults aged 59–69 years in 2000
| Model 1 B (SE) |
Model 2 B (SE) |
Model 3 B (SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept: symptoms at baseline (year 2000) | 1.36 (0.05)*** | 1.43 (0.04)*** | 1.49 (0.05)*** |
| Slope (rate of change per year) | −0.008 (0.008) | −0.008 (0.008) | −0.03 (0.01)** |
| Associations of baseline symptoms with individual-level socio-demographics | |||
| Age (in years) | 0.002 (0.01) | ||
| Female (/male) | 0.24 (0.08)** | ||
| Africane–American† | −0.06 (0.13) | ||
| Hispanic† | 0.18 (0.19) | ||
| Other ethnicity† | 0.24 (0.27) | ||
| Widowed‡ | 0.39 (0.13)** | ||
| Separated or divorced‡ | 0.41 (0.14)** | ||
| Never married‡ | 0.35 (0.20) | ||
| Years of education | −0.07 (0.02)*** | ||
| Household wealth (natural log) | −1.41 (0.40)** | ||
| Household income (natural log) | 0.87 (0.40)* | ||
| Unemployed§ | 1.30 (0.63)* | ||
| Retired§ | 0.30 (0.09)** | ||
| Disabled§ | 2.03 (0.28)*** | ||
| Not in the labour force§ | 0.55 (0.16)** | ||
| Contemporaneous associations of change in individual-level variables on symptoms | |||
| Change in marital status¶ | |||
| Lost a partner | 0.95 (0.17)*** | ||
| Change in household wealth†† | |||
| Wealth increased | 0.02 (0.05) | ||
| Wealth decreased | 0.17 (0.06)** | ||
| Change in household income†† | |||
| Income increased | −0.06 (0.05) | ||
| Income decreased | −0.01 (0.05) | ||
| Change in labour force participation‡‡ | |||
| Gained a labour force role | −0.24 (0.13) | ||
| Lost a labour force role | 0.22 (0.07)** | ||
| Associations of baseline symptoms with neighbourhood-level unemployment | |||
| Average unemployment, 1990–2000 (per 10%) | 0.57 (0.08)*** | 0.19 (0.09)* | |
| Increase in unemployment between 1990 and 2000 (per 10%) | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.11)* | |
| Associations of symptoms slope (after 2000) with individual-level socio-demographics | |||
| Age (in years) | −0.002 (0.003) | ||
| Female (/male) | −0.009 (0.016) | ||
| AfricaneAmerican† | −0.03 (0.02) | ||
| Hispanic† | −0.05 (0.04) | ||
| Other ethnicity† | −0.10 (0.05)* | ||
| Widowed‡ | −0.05 (0.02)* | ||
| Separated or divorced‡ | 0.02 (0.03) | ||
| Never married‡ | −0.02 (0.03) | ||
| Years of education | −0.0009 (0.003) | ||
| Household wealth (natural log) | 0.03 (0.08) | ||
| Household income (natural log) | −0.11 (0.08) | ||
| Unemployed§ | 0.11 (0.13) | ||
| Retired§ | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| Disabled§ | 0.05 (0.09) | ||
| Not in the labour force§ | 0.05 (0.03) | ||
| Associations of symptoms slope with neighbourhood-level unemployment | |||
| Average unemployment, 1990e2000 (per 10%) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | |
| Increase in unemployment between 1990 and 2000 (per 10%) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | |
| Random variance component | |||
| Within-person symptoms | 1.44 | 1.44 | 1.40 |
| Between-person symptoms | |||
| Baseline | 1.63*** | 1.66*** | 1.46*** |
| Slope (per year) | 0.01* | 0.01* | 0.01** |
| Between-neighbourhood symptoms | |||
| Baseline | 0.56*** | 0.20*** | 0.12*** |
| Slope (per year) | 0.05* | 0.002* | 0.003* |
| Model comparison (to previous model) | |||
| χ2 | 56.76*** | 1389.94*** | |
| Degrees of freedom | 4.0 | 37.0 | |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.
†
Reference group = non-Hispanic white.
‡
Reference group = married.
§
Reference group = employed.
¶
Reference group = no change or gained a partner.
††
Change of at least 15% since 2000; reference group = no change or change <15%.
‡‡
Reference group = no change in labour force participation since 2000.