Table 1.
Characteristics and outcomes of the nine studies surveyed.
| Author | Study Design; # Cancer Cases; Skin Type | Study Location; Study Period | Vitamin D Status Assessment | Confounding Variables Included in Analysis | Correlation Reported, HR/OR/RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tran et al 2012 | Case-control; 995; 95%+ white | Australia; 2002–2005 | UVB irradiance (J/m2) | age, sex, BMI, state of residence at recruitment, heartburn, reflux symptoms, education, smoking, alcohol, h. pylori serostatus |
EAC: OR 0.82a
(0.72–0.93); OR 0.59b
(0.35–0.99) EGJAC: OR 0.83a (0.73–0.94); OR 0.55b (0.34–0.90) ESCC: OR 0.94a (0.82–1.09); OR 0.91b (0.51–1.64) |
| Mulholland 2011 | Case-control; 218; not reported | Ireland; 2002–2005 | FFQ | age, sex energy intake, smoking, education, BMI, occupation, alcohol, NSAID use, h. pylori serostatus, glycemic index intake, saturated fat intake, location | EAC: OR 1.99 (1.03–3.86) |
| Abnet et al 2010 | Case-control; 1065; 61% white, 33% asian, 3% black | China, Finland, U.S. including Hawaii; 1974–2006 | 25OHD | smoking, alcohol, education, BMI, history of gastric surgery | EAC: P for trend 0.70 ESCC: P for trend 0.77 GCA: P for trend 0.88 GNCA: P for trend 0.083 |
| Chen et al 2010c | Ecological; --; not reported | China; 1988–1992 | UVB irradiance (mW/m2) | only sex, rural v urban county, ultraviolet irradiance, and cancer incidence/mortality were examined |
EC incidence ratio: 0.73 (0.68–0.78) EC mortality ratio: 0.92 (0.90–0.94) GC incidence ratio: 0.87 (0.83–0.91) GC mortality ratio: 0.97 (0.95–0.99)d |
| Lipworth et al 2009 | Case-control; 304; not reported | Italy; 1992–1997 | FFQ | age, sex, study center, education, smoking, alcohol, energy intake |
ESCC: OR 0.84e
(0.71–0.99) OR 0.58f (0.40–0.85) |
| Chen et al 2007 | Case-control with prospective component; 979; not reported | China: 1986–1991 | 25OHD | age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, serum selenium, cholesterol and retinol, cholesterol and α-tocopherol |
ESCC: HR 1.06 (1.01–1.13) GCA: 1.03 (0.96–1.10) GNCA: 0.98 (0.86–1.12) |
| Abnet et al 2007 | Case-control with prospective component; 230; not reported | China: 1986–1991 | 25OHD | age, sex, height, weight, tooth loss | ESCD: RR 1.86g (1.35–2.62) |
| Giovannucci et al 2006 | Prospective cohort; 93; mainly white cohort | U.S.; 1986–2000 | Model predicting 25OHD; model included skin color | age, height, smoking, calorie intake, alcohol, red meat, calcium, retinol, total fruits and vegetables |
EC: RR 0.37 (0.17–0.80) GC: RR 0.58 (0.26–1.33) |
| Boscoe and Schymura 2006h | Ecological; --; blacks and whites were analyzed separately | North America; 1993–2002 | UVB irradiance (kJ/m2-year) | age, poverty, income, smoking, exercise, alcohol, outdoor occupation, urban/rural, air quality |
EC: Incidence ratio 1.27i
(1.21–1.34) Mortality ratio 1.36i (1.31–1.41) EC (blacks): RR 1.3–1.5j |
25OHD = 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; EAC = Esophageal Adenocarcinoma; EC = Esophageal Cancer; EGJAC = Esophagogastric Junction Adenocarcinoma ESCC = Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; ESCD = Esophageal Squamous Cell Dysplasia; FFQ = Food Frequency Questionnaire; GC = Gastric Cancer; GCA = Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma; GNCA = Gastric Non-cardia Adenocarcinoma UVB = Ultraviolet B
Statistically significant values are bolded.
This OR is for each increase in 107 J/m2 of cumulative ambient UVB exposure. See text for further explanation.
This OR is for highest v. lowest tertile. See text for further explanation.
A total of 424,088 cancer cases were used including nasopharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectal, liver, lung, breast, cervix, bladder, leukemia. Exact figures for esophagus and gastric cancers were not published.
These are statistics reported for overall incidence and mortality ratios, but these ratios varied depending on urban or rural counties. See text and table 2 for further detail.
This OR is for vitamin D status reported as a continuous variable.
This OR is with respect to the lowest tertile of vitamin D status.
Highest quartile vs. lowest quartile.
This study examined over 3 million cancer cases of all types but did not specify numbers of individual types of cancer.
Ratio was reported for receiving annual average 650 kJ/m2 versus 1540 kJ/m2. See text for further explanation.
Authors did not report specifics on this risk ratio. See text for details.