TABLE 4.

Multilevel logistic regressions of any instrumental activities of daily living difficulties among U.S. urban adults aged 70+ in 1993

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Independent Variables	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Individual-Level Variables
Female (/male)			1.68 (1.33, 2.13)	1.68 (1.33, 2.13)
Age			1.10 (1.09, 1.12)	1.10 (1.08, 1.12)
Widoweda			0.54 (0.42, 0.69)	0.54 (0.42, 0.69)
Separated or divorceda			0.40 (0.27, 0.61)	0.40 (0.27, 0.61)
Never marrieda			0.49 (0.30, 0.81)	0.49 (0.30, 0.81)
African Americanb			0.85 (0.66, 1.12)	0.86 (0.65, 1.16)
Hispanicb			1.22 (0.84, 1.76)	1.23 (0.83, 1.83)
Other ethnicityb			0.76 (0.38, 1.55)	0.77 (0.38, 1.57)
Years of education			0.89 (0.87, 0.92)	0.89 (0.87, 0.92)
Household wealth (log)			0.74 (0.62, 0.88)	0.74 (0.62, 0.88)
Household income (log)			0.89 (0.79, 1.00)	0.89 (0.78, 1.00)
Ever smoked (/no)			1.28 (1.04, 1.56)	1.27 (1.04, 1.56)
Body mass index			1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)
High blood pressure			1.40 (1.16, 1.69)	1.40 (1.16, 1.69)
Census Tract-Level Variable
Socioeconomic disadvantage		1.26 (1.16, 1.37)		0.99 (0.88, 1.11)
Intercept Variance Component
Between-group (τ)	0.33 (p = 0.001)	0.27 (p=0.008)	0.26 (p=0.22)	0.26 (p = 0.21)

^aReference group = Married

^bReference group = Non-Hispanic white