Table 1.
Epidemiology and management of HF in East Asia
| Study | Country and Setting | Population (n) Age, Mean (SD) Male, % | Study Design and Date | Prevalence/Incidence,% Mortality,% Rehospitalizaiton,% | Aetiology/comorbidities, % | Drug |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pei et al. 2011 [6] | China | 7,319 CHF patients Age:59.6(16.9) Male:62.1% | Retrospective 1993-2007 | 30-day mortalities: 5.3% Male: 5.4% Female: 5.2% | 1993-1998: Coronary heart disease: 37.2% Hypertension: 23.3% Diabetes mellitus: 12.3% Rheumatic vulvar disease:35.2% 2003-2007: Coronary heart disease : 46.8% Hypertension: 46.7% Diabetes mellitus: 21.1% Rheumatic vulvar disease: 16.6% |
|
| Yin et al. 2011[7] | China Beijing (Urban) | 6,949 patients with HF Male:4344 Female: 2605 | Retrospective 1993-2007 | Coronary artery disease: 45.0% Hypertension: 38.7% Valvular disease:27.5% Rheumatic valvular disease:21.8% Nonrheumatic valvular disease: 5.7% Diabetes mellitus: 18.3% |
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| Yu et al. 2011[8] | China Hubei (Urban, rural) | 12,450 patients Age: 62 (15) Male: 7166, 57.6% | Retrospective 2000-2010 12 hospitals | <40 years: 6.67% (830/12 450) 40-49 years: 10.7% (1336/12 450) 50-59 years: 18.8% (2342/12 450) 60-69 years: 23.5% (2920/12 450) 70-79 years: 30.80% (3835/12 450) ≥80 years: 9.53% (1187/12 450) NYHA class I: 0.60%,II: 23.20%,III:50.31%,IV: 26.50% |
Hypertension: 31.5% Coronary heart disease:28.2% Dilated cardiomyopathy: 26.6% Rheumatic valvular heart disease: 17.5% Aetiology: Age<40: rheumatic valvular heart disease Age40-59 : dilated cardiomyopathy Age≥60 years: hypertension |
Digitalis :47.5% Diuretics:68.8% ACEI:50.7% β-blocker:44.1% aldosterone antagonist :53.1% |
| Liu, et al. 2011 [9] | China | 1006 patients with CHF Age: 71.3(9.9) Male: 63.7% | Retrospective 2005 | Chronic kidney disease: 34.3% | ||
| Yang, et al. 2010 [10] | China Xinjiang (6 localities, random sampling) | 8459 adults Age: 35 years over | Retrospective Communities-based | HF: 1.26% Male: 1.61%; Female: 0.93% (p<0.05) Age35- 44:0.29% Age45-54:0.60% Age55-64:1.32% Age65-74:2.55% Age≥75 years:4.10% | ||
| Ma, et al. 2007 [11] | China | 5189 patients with CHF Age: 62.9(13.4) Male: 49.5% | Retrospective 1973-2002 | Aetiology Coronary heart disease:44.2% Rheumatic heart disease: 24.1% Pulmonary heart disease :19.0% Cardiomyopathy:4.8% | Nitriate:80.0% Diuretics:71.8% Digitalis:68.1% ACEI:52.2% β-blockers:19.5% | |
| Tseng, et al. 2011 [12] | Taiwan | 2692 patients with HF Age: 73(13) Male: 55% | Retrospective Random sample of insurant 2005 | HF incidence: Age 20-60 years:88/100,000 Age≥65 years:21.8/100,000 In-hospital mortality: Total:3.9% Age 20-60 years: 2.7% Age≥65 years:4.2% | Comorbidities: Age≥65 years: Hypertension:38.3% Infection:32.0% Ischemic heart disease:31.9% Age 20-60 years: Hypertension:41.3% Diabetes:35.5% Ischemic heart disease:29.8% | Diuretics:76.3% ACEI:50.8% Aspirin:41.2% Digoxin:32.4% CCB:29.3% β-blockers:25.4% Clopidogrel:13.2% Warfarin:5.1% |
| Hung, et al. 2000 [13] | Hong Kong | 6203 patients with HF Male age: 72.4 Female age: 77.5 Male: 44% | Retrospective 11 hospitals 1997 | Total incidence: 0.7 per 1000 Age> 85: 20 per 1000(women); 14 per 1000 (men) Mortality:32% | ||
| Sanderson, et al.1995 [14] | Hong Kong | 730 patients with HF Male: 44% | Prospective | Incidence Women: 3.8/1000 Men: 3.0/1000 | Hypertension:37% Ischemic heart disease:31% Valvular heart disease:15% | |
| Chong, et al. 2003 [15] | Malaysia | 1435 acute medical admissions Male: 62.9% Mean age: 63.6 years | Retrospective Single-center | 6.7%(97/1435) | Ischaemic heart disease: 49.5%(48) Hypertension: 18.6%(18) Dilated cardiomypathy: 4.1%(4) Valve disease: 4.1%(4) Anaemia:3.1%(3) | Aspirin: 55.7%(54) Warfarin:5.2%(5) Diuretics:96.9%(94) β-blocker:9.3%(9) Digoxin:13.4%(13) Nitrate:54.6%(53) ACEI: 43.3%(42) Statin:2.2%(2) |
| Ng, et al. 2003 [16] | Singapore | 15774 admissions Age≥65 years Male: 46.6% Female: 53.4% |
Retrospective 1991-1998 |
HF:4.5% HF 1991: 1436 HF 1997: 2457 Mortality:2.5% |
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| Koseki, et al. 2003 [17] | Japan | 721 patients with HFPEF (EF≥50%) Age≥20years Male: 67.1% |
Prospective multicenter | 1-year mortality:8% | ||
| Tsutsui, et al. 2007 [18] | Japan | 2685 HF patients Age: 74(12) Male: 46% |
Prospective multicenter 2004-2005 | Mortality: 6.3% All-cause death: Hospital-HF:6.7% GP-HF:5.9% Cardiac death: Hospital-HF:2.9% GP-HF:1.7% |
Aetiology: Ischemic: 30% Hypertension:35% Valvular:26% Cardiomyopathic:15% Comorbidities: AF: 40% Prior history of HF:83% |
ACEI:31.5% ARB:30.9% ACEI or ARB:59.2% ACEI and ARB:3.3% β-blocker:27.4% Diuretics:62.0% Digitalis:43.0% CCB: 37.1% |
| Hamaguchi, et al. 2009 [20] | Japan 164 hospitals |
2675 patients with HF Age: 71.5(13) Male: 58.1% |
Prospective 2004-2007 Average follow-up:2.4 years |
57% patients with HF had Anemia | ||
| Tsuchihashi-Makaya, et al. 2009 [19] | Japan | 1692 patients with HF Age ≥65: 69.3% Male: 59.7% |
Prospective 2004-2007 Average follow-up: 2.4 years |
Aetiology: Reduced EF: Ischemic:39.8% Hypertensive:21.6% Cardiomyopathic, dilated:36.3% Preserved EF: Ischemic:25.4% Hypertensive:44.3% Cardiomyopathic, dilated:5.1% (p<0.001) Comorbidities: Reduced EF: Hypertension:50.4% Hyperlipudemia:28.8% Atrial fibrillation:24.5% Preserved EF: Hypertension:68.3% Hyperlipudemia:22.8% Atrial fibrillation:38.3% (p<0.005) |
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| Shiba, et al. 2008 [21] | Japan | 1,278 HF patients Age: 68.3(13.4) Male: 66% | Prospective 2000-2005 Mean follow-up:3.5 years | Aetiology: Coronary artery disease:25.4% Valvular heart disease: 26.4% Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy:28.6% Comorbidities: Hypertension:47.4% Diabetes:18.9% Dyslipidemia:16.7% AF:41.8% | ||
| Shiba, et al. 2008 [21] | Japan | 1,278 HF patients Age: 68.3(13.4) Male: 66% | Prospective 2000-2005 Mean follow-up:3.5 years | Aetiology: Coronary artery disease:25.4% Valvular heart disease: 26.4% Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy:28.6% Comorbidities: Hypertension:47.4% Diabetes:18.9% Dyslipidemia:16.7% AF:41.8% | ||
| Shiba, et al. 2011 [22] | Japan | 10,219 HF patients Age: 68.2(12.3) Male: 69.8% | Prospective Multicenter 2006-2010 | Aetiology: Coronary artery disease: 47.1% Comorbidities: Hypertension:74.3% diabetes:23.3% | RAS inhibitors: 72.3% Diuretics :50.9% β-blockers:49.0% Digitalis23.5% | |
| Hamaguchi, et al. 2011 [23] | Japan | 2,675 patients with AF Age: 71(13) Male: 59.7% | Prospective 2004-2005 Average follow-up:2.1 years | NYHA class I:35.2%, II:55.2%, III:6.0%, IV: 3.6% All-cause death 14.7%(247) Cardiac death 8.8%(148) Rehospitalization 33.1%(557) | Aetiology: Ischemic:32% Valvular:27.7% Hypertensive:24.6% Dilated cardiomyopathy:18.2% Comorbidities: Hypertension：52.9% Hyperuricemia:46.8% Diabetes mellitus：29.9% Dyslipidemia:24.8% Prior stroke:15.0% COPD:6.7% Smoking:37.7% Prior MI:26.9% AF:35.2% | Aspirin: 47.2% Warfarin:40.8% Diuretics:88.2% β-blocker:48.6% Digitalis:30.9% Nitrate:23.3% ACEI: 37.4% ARB:44.4% ACEI/ARB:76.5% CCB:25.2% Statin:19.9% |
GP: general practice; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor inhibitor; RAS: renin-angiotensin system