TABLE 2—

Stigma Prevalence, Effects on the Distribution of Life Chances, and Associated Health Outcomes

		Review Studies Documenting Effects of Stigma
Stigmatized Status	Prevalence in General Population, %	Housinga	Employment/Income	Education/Academic Outcomes	Social Relationships	Psychological/Behavioralb	Health Carec	Health
Mental illness	32.4 (current)13; 46.4 (lifetime)14	Link and Phelan,9 Hinshaw and Cicchetti15	Link et al.,16 Corrigan and Penn,17 Link and Phelan18	Link et al.16	Hinshaw and Cicchetti,15 Link and Phelan18	Pachankis,19 Livingston and Boyd,20 Hinshaw and Stier,21 Rüsch et al.22	Hinshaw and Cicchetti,15 Corrigan et al.,23 Ross and Goldner24	Mak et al.25
Minority sexual orientation	3.526	Coker et al.27	Badgett28		Hatzenbuehler,29 Meyer,30 Friedman et al.31	Pachankis,19 Hatzenbuehler,29	Coker et al.27 Cochran32	Meyer,30 Cochran32
Obesity	33.833		Puhl and Brownell34	Puhl and Brownell,34 Puhl and Latner,35 Puhl and Heuer36	Puhl and Latner,35 Puhl and Heuer,36 Pettit37	Puhl and Brownell38	Puhl and Brownell,34 Puhl and Heuer36	Puhl and Latner,35 Puhl and Heuer36
HIV/AIDS	0.00339	Leaver et al.40	Herek41	Herek41	Herek,41 Crawford42	Pachankis,19 Herek41	Mawar et al.43 Mahajan et al.44	Rabkin,45 Logie and Gadalla,46
Disability	21.847		Smeets et al.48	Smeets et al.48	Jacoby et al.,49 de Boer et al.50	Smeets et al.,48 Beart et al.,51 Livneh et al.52	MacLeod and Austin53	Jacoby et al.49
Minority race/ethnicity	Hispanic, 16.3; non-White, 27.654	Massey and Denton,55 Williams and Collins56	Williams57	Steele,58 Zirkel59	Williams and Collins56	Smart Richman and Leary60	Williams57	Paradies,61 Williams et al.,62 Clark et al.63

Note. We included review articles that discussed more than 1 article in each domain.

^aBeing denied housing as a result of discrimination or being overrepresented among the homeless population because of stigma.

^bSelf-esteem, emotion regulation processes, and coping responses to stigma-related stressors.

^cAttitudes of health care providers, suboptimal treatment, or reduced likelihood of accessing prevention and intervention services.