Table 1.

Reinforcers	Behavioral procedures	GDNF modulation	Species/straina	Effects	References
A) Effects of upregulation of GDNF levels on behavior
Cocaine	CPP	Infusion, VTA	Sprague–Dawley	↓↓	Messer et al., 2000
	SA	Infusion, striatum	Sprague–Dawley	↓↓↓	Green-Sadan et al., 2003
	SA	Overexpression, striatum (embryonic cells)	Sprague–Dawley	↓↓↓	Green-Sadan et al., 2003
	SA	Overexpression, striatum (nanoparticles)	Sprague–Dawley	↓↓↓	Green-Sadan et al., 2005
Ethanol	SA	Microinjection, VTA	Long–Evans	↓↓	Carnicella et al., 2008
	SA — reacquisition	Microinjection, VTA	Long–Evans	↓↓↓	Carnicella et al., 2008
	TBC	Microinjection, VTA	Long–Evans	↓↓↓	Carnicella et al., (2009b)
Water	SA	Overexpression, striatum (embryonic cells)	Sprague–Dawley	–	Green-Sadan et al., 2003
	SA	Overexpression, striatum (nanoparticles)	Sprague–Dawley	–	Green-Sadan et al., 2005
Sucrose	SA	Microinjection, VTA	Long–Evans	–	Carnicella et al., 2008
Reinforcers	Procedures	GDNF modulation	Species/strainb	Effects	References
B) Effects of downregulation of GDNF levels on behavior
Cocaine	Locomotor sensitization	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑	Messer et al., 2000
	Locomotor sensitization	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	–	Airavaara et al., 2004
	CPP	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	TT	Messer et al., 2000
	CPP	Neutralizing Ab, VTA	Sprague–Dawley	↑↑	Messer et al., 2000
Ethanol	Locomotor sensitization	GDNF HET mice	DBH/CD1	–	Carnicella et al., (submitted)
	TBC	GDNF HET mice GFRα1 HET mice	DBH/CD1 C57/CD1	–	Carnicella et al., (submitted)
	TBC — deprivation effect	GDNF HET mice GFRα1 HET mice	DBH/CD1 C57/CD1	↑↑	Carnicella et al., (submitted)
Methamphetamine	Locomotor sensitization	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	–	Yan et al., 2007
	CPP	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑↑	Niwa et al., 2007c
	SA	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑	Yan et al., 2007
	SA — reinstatement of seeking	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑↑	Yan et al., 2007
Morphine	Locomotor sensitization	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑	Airavaara et al., 2007
	CPP	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑↑↑	Niwa et al., 2007a
	CPP	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	–	Airavaara et al., 2007
Food	SA	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	–	Yan et al., 2007
	SA — reinstatement of seeking	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	–	Yan et al., 2007
Saccharin	TBC	GDNF HET mice GFRα1 HET mice	DBH/CD1 C57/CD1	↑ –	Carnicella et al., (submitted)
Saccharin	TBC — deprivation effect	GDNF HET mice GFRα1 HET mice	DBH/CD1 C57/CD1	–	Carnicella et al., (submitted)
Sucrose	SA	GDNF HET mice	C57BL/6J	↑	Griffin et al., 2006

CPP: conditioned place preference; SA: operant self-administration; TBC: two-bottle choice.