Measurement of the extinction coefficient of the protonated Schiff base. The extinction coefficient of the protonated SB between all-trans-retinal and acid-denatured opsin is higher than that of the protonated SB between 11-cis-retinal and acid-denatured opsin. At room temperature, dark state D190N rhodopsin was acid-denatured with 4 μl of 1 m HCl and measured by UV-visible spectroscopy (black line), giving an extinction coefficient of 32,600 m−1 cm−1 for the 11-cis-retinal SB. A second sample of D190N was light-bleached for 1 min to convert all 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. The Meta II sample was denatured and measured by UV-visible spectroscopy (green line), giving an extinction coefficient of 41,600 m−1 cm−1 for the all-trans-retinal SB.