TABLE 2—
Wealth-Related Inequality in Disability Among Adults Aged 18 Years or Older: World Health Survey, 2002–2004
| Absolute Inequality (SII) |
Relative Inequality (RII) |
|||||
| Country | Crude, Prevalence Difference (95% CI) | Age-Adjusted, Prevalence Difference (95% CI) | Multiple Factors-Adjusted,a Prevalence Difference (95% CI) | Crude, Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Age-Adjusted, Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) | Multiple Factors-Adjusted,a Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
| Low-income countries | ||||||
| Bangladesh* | 21.0 (15.9, 26.0) | 17.7 (12.8, 22.6) | 12.8 (7.8, 17.9) | 2.26 (1.87, 2.72) | 2.00 (1.67, 2.39) | 1.66 (1.35, 2.03) |
| Burkina Faso | 0.9 (−3.5, 5.3) | −0.8 (−4.8, 3.2) | 0.0 (−4.5, 4.6) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.72) | 0.92 (0.61, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.63, 1.61) |
| Chad | 16.8 (10.6, 22.9) | 9.9 (3.9, 15.8) | 46.7 (−0.2, 13.6) | 2.73 (1.89, 3.93) | 1.82 (1.27, 2.62) | 1.51 (0.99, 2.30) |
| Congo | 28.6 (6.4, 50.8) | 27.0 (5.5, 48.4) | 18.1 (−1.7, 38.0) | 3.26 (1.41, 7.50) | 3.06 (1.39, 6.70) | 2.16 (0.95, 4.88) |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 7.9 (1.5, 14.2) | 3.4 (−2.9, 9.8) | 2.8 (−4.2, 9.8) | 1.80 (1.09, 2.97) | 1.30 (0.79, 2.13) | 1.24 (0.72, 2.12) |
| Ethiopia* | 13.6 (8.8, 18.5) | 12.2 (7.3, 17.2) | 11.7 (5.9, 17.5) | 2.59 (1.85, 3.62) | 2.37 (1.68, 3.34) | 2.28 (1.56, 3.34) |
| Ghana | 6.9 (3.2, 10.6) | 4.8 (1.5, 8.0) | 3.8 (−0.2, 7.7) | 2.19 (1.43, 3.34) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.53) | 1.54 (0.97, 2.45) |
| India* | 12.6 (6.9, 18.4) | 14.2 (9.0, 19.4) | 10.4 (5.1, 15.7) | 1.77 (1.39, 2.25) | 1.89 (1.52, 2.35) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.03) |
| Kenya* | 10.5 (5.1, 15.9) | 7.3 (2.8, 11.8) | 4.7 (0.6, 8.8) | 3.45 (1.79, 6.63) | 2.41 (1.35, 4.32) | 1.77 (1.06, 2.97) |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 2.3 (−1.8, 6.3) | 4.5 (0.1, 9.1) | 4.4 (−0.4, 9.3) | 1.53 (0.73, 3.21) | 2.29 (1.06, 4.96) | 2.26 (1.00, 5.08) |
| Malawi | 7.4 (1.9, 12.8) | 5.8 (0.5, 11.2) | 3.0 (−3.5, 9.5) | 1.96 (1.23, 3.14) | 1.72 (1.06, 2.77) | 1.32 (0.73, 2.40) |
| Mauritania* | 17.9 (9.6, 26.1) | 13.4 (5.1, 21.6) | 9.5 (0.0, 19.0) | 2.44 (1.63, 3.66) | 1.97 (1.31, 2.97) | 1.62 (1.01, 2.61) |
| Myanmar* | 3.1 (0.4, 5.9) | 3.6 (1.0, 6.3) | 3.6 (0.6, 6.5) | 1.93 (1.09, 3.42) | 2.14 (1.24, 3.69) | 2.12 (1.20, 3.74) |
| Nepal* | 12.2 (7.2, 17.2) | 10.1 (5.5, 14.7) | 7.5 (2.9, 12.0) | 2.04 (1.56, 2.68) | 1.81 (1.40, 2.34) | 1.55 (1.20, 2.01) |
| Pakistan | 1.0 (3.4, 5.5) | 1.2 (−3.2, 5.7) | 0.1 (−5.9, 6.1) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.69) | 1.13 (0.73, 1.73) | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) |
| Vietnam* | 7.5 (2.8, 12.2) | 8.5 (3.4, 13.6) | 6.9 (2.2, 11.5) | 5.05 (2.07, 12.33) | 6.08 (2.44, 15.19) | 4.52 (1.79, 11.45) |
| Zambia | 15.9 (10.6, 21.3) | 10.8 (5.8, 15.8) | −0.8 (−7.7, 6.1) | 4.20 (2.69, 6.57) | 2.73 (1.74, 4.29) | 0.93 (0.51, 1.71) |
| Zimbabwe* | 10.6 (5.8, 15.4) | 9.5 (4.5, 14.4) | 8.9 (3.8, 14.0) | 2.42 (1.63, 3.59) | 2.22 (1.47, 3.34) | 2.12 (1.38, 3.25) |
| Lower middle-income countries | ||||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 22.9 (13.6, 32.2) | 10.5 (0.9, 20.0) | 9.8 (−1.5, 21.0) | 4.10 (2.31, 7.27) | 1.96 (1.03, 3.74) | 1.88 (0.88, 4.02) |
| China* | 11.7 (5.6, 17.8) | 8.6 (3.5, 13.6) | 10.4 (4.7, 16.1) | 5.65 (2.31, 13.84) | 3.77 (1.80, 7.89) | 4.87 (2.20, 10.79) |
| Dominican Republic | 1.6 (−2.8, 6.0) | 0.5 (−3.7, 4.6) | 3.3 (−1.8, 8.5) | 1.19 (0.74, 1.92) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.65) | 1.43 (0.83, 2.48) |
| Ecuador* | 10.4 (5.5, 15.3) | 10.7 (6.4, 14.9) | 8.1 (3.0, 13.1) | 2.59 (1.71, 3.92) | 2.63 (1.84, 3.77) | 2.10 (1.34, 3.29) |
| Georgia* | 24.2 (16.2, 32.2) | 14.1 (8.3, 20.0) | 22.1 (15.3, 28.8) | 3.62 (2.44, 5.36) | 2.17 (1.57, 3.01) | 3.26 (2.41, 4.42) |
| Kazakhstan | 11.7 (5.6, 17.7) | 9.7 (3.7, 15.6) | 7.1 (−0.1, 14.3) | 2.41 (1.53, 3.77) | 2.09 (1.29, 3.36) | 1.72 (0.98, 3.03) |
| Morocco* | 11.1 (3.9, 18.3) | 8.7 (2.5, 14.8) | 29.3 (14.9, 43.6) | 1.54 (1.17, 2.03) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.78) | 2.94 (1.84, 4.68) |
| Namibia* | 25.4 (18.2, 32.7) | 21.0 (14.2, 27.9) | 13.5 (6.2, 20.9) | 3.97 (2.75, 5.71) | 3.20 (2.26, 4.53) | 2.14 (1.39, 3.30) |
| Paraguay | 5.2 (2.4, 8.1) | 5.5 (2.7, 8.3) | 3.0 (−1.0, 7.0) | 1.91 (1.33, 2.75) | 1.96 (1.37, 2.80) | 1.45 (0.88, 2.40) |
| Philippines* | 21.7 (15.8, 27.5) | 22.3 (16.5, 28.0) | 15.6 (9.1, 22.1) | 2.35 (1.86, 2.97) | 2.40 (1.91, 3.01) | 1.86 (1.45, 2.39) |
| Russian Federation | 47.6 (35.0, 60.3) | 12.7 (1.5, 23.9) | 4.7 (−6.4, 15.8) | 5.44 (3.27, 9.06) | 1.60 (1.02, 2.52) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.80) |
| South Africa* | 30.3 (18.4, 42.2) | 28.6 (17.6, 39.6) | 16.6 (5.7, 27.4) | 4.53 (2.68, 7.67) | 4.20 (2.56, 6.90) | 2.38 (1.38, 4.09) |
| Sri Lanka | 11.3 (7.5, 15.2) | 10.5 (7.0, 14.0) | 4.1 (−0.6, 8.7) | 2.96 (2.07, 4.22) | 2.75 (1.97, 3.84) | 1.49 (0.93, 2.41) |
| Tunisia* | 15.2 (9.9, 20.6) | 12.6 (7.8, 17.4) | 14.3 (8.1, 20.6) | 3.10 (2.12, 4.53) | 2.58 (1.82, 3.66) | 2.92 (1.88, 4.53) |
| Ukraine | 23.7 (15.5, 31.9) | 6.2 (−1.0, 13.3) | 2.2 (−4.7, 9.1) | 3.48 (2.35, 5.15) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.06) | 1.13 (0.78, 1.63) |
| Upper middle-income countries | ||||||
| Brazil* | 13.2 (8.4, 18.0) | 14.3 (9.5, 19.0) | 8.2 (2.4, 14.0) | 2.16 (1.62, 2.86) | 2.29 (1.74, 3.01) | 1.62 (1.14, 2.31) |
| Croatia | 39.9 (28.3, 51.5) | 21.2 (11.5, 30.8) | 8.6 (−3.0, 20.3) | 7.06 (3.98, 12.55) | 3.05 (1.75, .33) | 1.56 (0.83, 2.96) |
| Czech Republic | 32.8 (18.3, 47.3) | 8.9 (−1.9, 19.7) | −2.1 (−13.4, 9.1) | 8.64 (3.76, 19.85) | 1.88 (0.84, 4.21) | 0.87 (0.43, 1.77) |
| Estonia* | 38.8 (29.5, 48.0) | 26.9 (20.9, 32.9) | 20.1 (13.7, 26.6) | 14.32 (8.02, 25.56) | 7.60 (4.90, 1.80) | 4.80 (2.75, 8.39) |
| Latvia* | 38.3 (26.1, 50.5) | 21.2 (10.4, 32.1) | 12.6 (1.6, 23.7) | 5.49 (3.38, 8.90) | 2.72 (1.64, 4.50) | 1.81 (1.06, 3.08) |
| Malaysia* | 8.2 (4.9, 11.4) | 7.8 (4.6, 11.0) | 7.1 (2.9, 11.3) | 11.77 (5.61, 24.68) | 10.63 (5.14, 21.99) | 9.12 (3.56, 23.42) |
| Mauritius* | 20.2 (15.2, 25.2) | 16.5 (12.5, 20.5) | 8.7 (5.1, 12.4) | 5.60 (3.84, 8.19) | 4.25 (3.07, 5.89) | 2.21 (1.56, 3.13) |
| Mexico* | 2.9 (1.6, 4.2) | 3.6 (2.5, 4.7) | 2.7 (1.3, 4.2) | 1.61 (1.30, 1.99) | 1.80 (1.50, 2.17) | 1.57 (1.23, 1.99) |
| Uruguay* | 8.9 (6.2, 11.6) | 7.3 (4.4, 10.2) | 7.1 (4.1, 10.1) | 5.20 (3.84, 7.04) | 4.06 (2.84, 5.82) | 3.91 (2.53, 6.04) |
| High-income countries | ||||||
| Finland | 11.5 (5.2, 17.7) | 8.0 (1.5, 14.6) | 3.0 (−3.0, 9.1) | 5.92 (2.45, 14.34) | 3.69 (1.34, 10.14) | 1.64 (0.59, 4.55) |
| Ireland | 3.8 (−4.7, 12.4) | 0.1 (−9.5, 9.8) | −4.2 (−20.2, 11.8) | 2.55 (0.26, 4.96) | 1.03 (0.10, 11.05) | 0.41 (0.03, 6.27) |
| Luxembourg* | 22.0 (11.8, 32.2) | 23.2 (11.2, 35.2) | 14.3 (4.1, 24.5) | 7.19 (3.21, 16.09) | 7.79 (3.08, 19.67) | 3.91 (1.51, 10.11) |
| Portugal | 39.8 (28.8, 50.9) | 14.1 (5.2, 22.9) | 8.4 (−5.2, 22.0) | 16.02 (7.35, 34.92) | 3.07 (1.40, 6.75) | 1.91 (0.62, 5.93) |
| Spain* | 35.9 (31.0, 40.8) | 15.2 (11.0, 19.4) | 9.5 (5.2, 13.9) | 16.70 (11.40, 24.46) | 3.93 (2.60, 5.94) | 2.32 (1.52, 3.55) |
| Sweden | 20.1 (10.7, 29.6) | 15.8 (2.9, 28.8) | 12.7 (−0.9, 26.2) | 3.10 (1.69, 5.67) | 2.47 (1.14, 5.33) | 2.07 (0.96, 4.49) |
| United Arab Emirates | 5.9 (−2.2, 14.0) | 7.2 (−1.2, 15.6) | 7.6 (−1.3, 16.5) | 2.87 (0.77, 10.62) | 3.50 (0.94, 13.07) | 3.74 (0.98, 14.30) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; RII = relative index of inequality; SII = slope index of inequality. Countries were grouped into income groups according to the World Development Report, 2005.19
a
Adjusted for individual’s age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, and place of residence.
*P < .05 after adjustment for multiple factors listed here.