TABLE 3—

Connectivity, Residential Density, Land Use Mix, and Access to Types of Destinations and Public Transportation Across Time, by Type of Development: RESIDE study; Perth, Western Australia; 2003–2008

Variable	Livable Development (n = 299), Mean z-Score (SD) or %	Hybrid Development (n = 220), Mean z-Score (SD) or %	Conventional Development (n = 528), Mean z-Score (SD) or %	All Participants (n = 1047), Mean z-Score (SD) or %	Overall P	Livable vs Conventional P
Connectivity
T1	0.283 (1.144)	−0.224 (0.835)	−0.067 (0.940)	0.000 (1.000)	< .001	< .001
T2	2.014 (1.858)	0.115 (0.680)	0.267 (0.965)	0.734 (1.486)	< .001	< .001
T3	2.371 (1.843)	0.572 (0.899)	0.571 (0.937)	1.085 (1.497)	< .001	< .001
Residential density
T1	0.284 (1.471)	−0.175 (0.665)	−0.088 (0.715)	0.000 (1.000)	< .001	< .001
T2	0.093 (0.527)	−0.518 (0.472)	−0.445 (0.535)	−0.307 (0.578)	< .001	< .001
T3	0.227 (0.453)	−0.265 (0.296)	−0.167 (0.441)	−0.075 (0.462)	< .001	< .001
Land use mix (transportation walking)
T1	0.041 (1.077)	0.032 (1.007)	−0.037 (0.951)	0.000 (1.000)	.488	.284
T2	−0.274 (0.953)	−0.704 (0.989)	−0.492 (0.821)	−0.474 (0.909)	< .001	.001
T3	−0.313 (0.682)	−1.201 (0.579)	−0.693 (0.668)	−0.691 (0.723)	< .001	< .001
Land use mix (recreational walking)
T1	0.042 (1.072)	−0.012 (0.999)	−0.019 (0.959)	0.000 (1.000)	.691	.404
T2	−0.256 (0.966)	−0.432 (1.189)	−0.139 (0.827)	−0.234 (0.959)	< .001	.09
T3	−0.263 (0.657)	−0.846 (0.680)	−0.470 (0.702)	−0.490 (0.714)	< .001	< .001
Types of servicesa
T1
0	29.1	35.9	35.2	33.6	.457	.242
1	27.4	22.7	26.3	25.9
2	18.7	19.1	18.4	18.6
≥ 3	24.7	22.3	20.1	21.9
T2
0	61.2	92.3	56.3	65.2	< .001	< .001
1	6.0	5.9	24.6	15.4
2	16.7	0.0	10.6	10.1
≥ 3	16.1	1.8	8.5	9.3
T3
0	59.9	92.3	57.2	65.3	< .001	< .001
1	9.4	0.5	23.3	14.5
2	16.1	5.5	11.2	11.4
≥ 3	14.7	1.8	8.3	8.8
Types of convenience goodsb
T1
0	25.8	25.0	23.1	24.3	.016	.019
1	16.1	24.5	24.8	22.3
2	13.7	18.6	14.8	15.3
≥ 3	44.5	31.8	37.3	38.2
T2
0	59.5	94.5	66.3	70.3	< .001	.144
1	18.1	1.8	13.6	12.4
2	8.4	3.2	9.1	7.6
≥ 3	14.0	0.5	11.0	9.6
T3
0	70.9	84.5	55.7	66.1	< .001	< .001
1	11.0	12.3	21.6	16.6
2	2.0	2.7	12.1	7.3
≥ 3	16.1	0.5	10.6	10.0
Types of public open spacec
T1
0	0.3	1.8	1.1	1.1	.05	.072
1	76.9	84.1	81.8	80.9
≥ 2	22.7	14.1	17.0	18.1
T2
0	4.7	4.5	2.5	3.5	< .001	< .001
1	75.6	93.6	89.6	86.4
≥ 2	19.7	1.8	8.0	10.0
T3
0	4.0	4.5	2.1	3.2	< .001	< .001
1	75.9	93.6	90.0	86.7
≥ 2	20.1	1.8	8.0	10.1
Public transportation stopsd
T1
0	1.0	1.8	0.9	1.1	.883	.988
1	89.6	88.6	90.0	89.6
2	9.4	9.5	9.1	9.3
T2
0	0.0	0.0	4.0	2.0	< .001	< .001
1	99.3	100.0	96.0	97.8
2	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.2
T3
0	0.0	0.0	4.4	2.2	< .001	< .001
1	99.3	100.0	95.6	97.6
2	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.2

Note. T1 = time point 1 (baseline); T2 = time point 2 (12 mo after moving); T3 = time point 3 (36 mo after moving). We derived the z-score from standardized values.

^aCount of different types of services: dry cleaner, post office, pharmacy, CD, DVD, or video store within 1600 m.

^bCount of different types of convenience goods: deli, general store, supermarket, produce market, seafood market, gasoline station, other food market, shopping center within 1600 m.

^cCount of different types of public open space: park, sports field, beach access within 1600 m.

^dNumber of bus stops and railway stations within 1600 m.