Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics in Full Sample and Treatment and Control Groups
| Full sample (n = 467) | Treatment group (n = 238) | Control group (n = 229) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome variables in spring | ||||||
| Executive functioning score | 0.04 | (0.81) | 0.08 | (0.85) | −0.01 | (0.76) |
| Effortful control score | 0.03 | (0.66) | 0.00 | (0.65) | 0.05 | (0.67) |
| Attentive/impulse control | 2.29 | (0.52) | 2.29 | (0.55) | 2.29 | (0.49) |
| PPVT score | 13.55 | (4.33) | 13.81 | (4.30) | 13.27 | (4.36) |
| Letter naming score | 0.46 | (0.39) | 0.50 | (0.39) | 0.42 | (0.38) |
| Early math skill score | 10.02 | (4.01) | 10.06 | (3.85) | 9.98 | (4.19) |
| Baseline scores in fall | ||||||
| Executive functioning score | −0.01 | (0.83) | 0.06 | (0.82) | −0.09 | (0.84) |
| Effortful control score | −0.00 | (0.68) | 0.05 | (0.66) | −0.06 | (0.69) |
| Attentive/impulse control | 2.18 | (0.59) | 2.22 | (0.56) | 2.14 | (0.62) |
| PPVT score | 10.68 | (3.88) | 11.00 | (3.67) | 10.36 | (4.06) |
| Letter naming score | 0.22 | (0.30) | 0.24 | (0.31) | 0.19 | (0.29) |
| Early math skill score | 7.49 | (3.78) | 7.80 | (3.51) | 7.18 | (4.03) |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Boy | 0.48 | (0.50) | 0.52 | (0.50) | 0.43 | (0.50) |
| Child race/ethnicity (Black) | 0.66 | (0.48) | 0.67 | (0.47) | 0.64 | (0.48) |
| Child race/ethnicity (Hispanic) | 0.26 | (0.44) | 0.27 | (0.45) | 0.25 | (0.44) |
| Child race/ethnicity (Other) | 0.08 | (0.27) | 0.06 | (0.24) | 0.10 | (0.31) |
| Family poverty-related risks | 1.08 | (1.00) | 1.15 | (1.00) | 1.01 | (1.00) |
| Single-parent families | 0.68 | (0.47) | 0.71 | (0.45) | 0.65 | (0.65) |
| Four or more children in household | 0.26 | (0.44) | 0.25 | (0.43) | 0.28 | (0.45) |
| Parent Spanish speaking | 0.19 | (0.39) | 0.17 | (0.38) | 0.21 | (0.40) |
| Teacher and class characteristics | ||||||
| Teacher bachelor’s degree | 0.65 | (0.54) | 0.71 | (0.57) | 0.59 | (0.49) |
| Teacher age | 40.72 | (11.86) | 38.42 | (12.37) | 43.11 | (10.81) |
| Teacher K6 score | 2.57 | (2.07) | 3.19 | (1.64) | 1.91 | (2.27) |
| Teacher job demand | 2.67 | (0.59) | 2.86 | (0.63) | 2.47 | (0.47) |
| Teacher job control | 3.29 | (0.70) | 3.36 | (0.70) | 3.21 | (0.68) |
| Teacher behavior management | 4.91 | (1.03) | 4.65 | (1.05) | 5.19 | (0.93) |
| Classroom emotional climate | 16.24 | (2.69) | 15.58 | (2.65) | 16.92 | (2.56) |
| Classroom overall quality | 4.71 | (0.79) | 4.48 | (0.73) | 4.95 | (0.78) |
| Class size | 16.42 | (2.65) | 16.61 | (2.68) | 16.22 | (2.61) |
| Number of adults in class | 2.40 | (0.69) | 2.52 | (0.77) | 2.28 | (0.56) |
| Site characteristics | ||||||
| Number of family support workers on staff | 1.24 | (2.44) | 0.39 | (0.49) | 2.12 | (3.22) |
| Number of children aged 3–5 | 111.84 | (120.14) | 94.07 | (50.46) | 130.31 | (161.81) |
| Proportion of teachers with bachelors degree | 0.45 | (0.40) | 0.52 | (0.37) | 0.38 | (0.42) |
| Proportion of teacher assistants with college | 0.49 | (0.37) | 0.37 | (0.33) | 0.62 | (0.38) |
| Proportion of families employed | 0.73 | (0.27) | 0.80 | (0.22) | 0.66 | (0.29) |
| Proportion of families receiving TANF | 0.35 | (0.34) | 0.30 | (0.33) | 0.41 | (0.35) |
Note. Means with standard deviations in parentheses. PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.