Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Participants, Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007–2009a .
| Characteristic | All (n = 1,928) | Men (n = 927) | Women (n = 1,001) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hormone use, % | 15.8 (13.0–18.6) | 6.3 (4.4–8.3) | 24.9 (20.3–29.5) | < .001 |
| Age, y | 43.5 (43.1–43.9) | 42.8 (42.0–43.5) | 44.2 (43.6–44.8) | .02 |
| Race,c % | ||||
| White | 84.3 (74.5–94.1) | 83.7 (72.4–95.0) | 84.9 (75.8–94.0) | .72d |
| Asiane | 11.4 (4.7–18.1) | 11.9 (3.8–20.0) | 10.9 (4.2–17.6) | |
| Daily energy expenditure, kcal/kg/df | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | .002 |
| BMI, kg/m2g | 26.8 (26.2–27.4) | 27.1 (26.5–27.6) | 26.6 (25.7–27.5) | .09 |
| Waist circumference, cmg | 90.2 (88.5–91.9) | 94.1 (92.5–95.8) | 86.4 (83.9–88.9) | < .001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hgg | 111.2 (109.6–112.7) | 113.4 (112.0–114.9) | 108.9 (106.7–111.2) | < .001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 70.7 (69.6–71.8) | 73.1 (71.9–74.2) | 68.4 (67.0–69.9) | < .001 |
| Plasma 25(OH)D, nmol/Lg | 67.5 (64.4–70.6) | 66.8 (62.9–70.6) | 68.2 (65.3–71.1) | .23 |
| Glucose, mmol/Lg | 5.1 (5.0–5.1) | 5.2 (5.1–5.3) | 5.0 (4.9–5.0) | < .001 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/Lg | 70.9 (65.4–76.4) | 72.4 (66.2–78.6) | 69.5 (61.7–77.2) | .18 |
| HOMA-IRg | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | .05 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/Lg | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | .03 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 (4.7–5.0) | 4.8 (4.7–4.9) | 4.9 (4.8–5.0) | .04 |
| HDL-C, mmol/Lf | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 1.5 (1.4–1.5) | < .001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/Lf | 3.0 (2.9–3.1) | 3.1 (3.0–3.2) | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) | .008 |
| Total:HDL-Cg | 3.9 (3.8–4.0) | 4.2 (4.1–4.3) | 3.5 (3.4–3.7) | < .001 |
| ApoA1, g/Lf | 1.4 (1.4–1.5) | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | 1.5 (1.5–1.6) | < .001 |
| ApoB, g/Lg | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | .05 |
| CRP, mg/Lg | 2.3 (2.0–2.5) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 2.5 (2.2–2.7) | .01 |
| Fibrinogen, mmol/L | 0.030 (0.028–0.031) | 0.029 (0.027–0.030) | 0.030 (0.029–0.032) | .001 |
| Homocysteine, µmol/Lg | 7.8 (7.3–8.2) | 8.6 (8.1–9.1) | 6.9 (6.5–7.4) | < .001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Values expressed as mean (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise indicated.
All P values are for tests for differences between sexes. All tests are t tests except for hormone use and race, which are χ2 tests.
Race groups were white (n = 1,636), Asian (n = 155), and other (n = 89). Information on race was missing for 48 (2.5%) participants.
χ2 results for race (white and Asian groups only) by sex. Interpret with caution because of high sampling variability associated with Asian group.
Marginal coefficient of variation (CV) denoting high sampling variability associated with estimate. Use with caution. CV was 27% for all, 31% for men, and 28% for women.
Variables not normally distributed were square-root transformed for analyses.
Variables not normally distributed were log transformed for analyses.