Table.

Potential research topics using boarding “structure-process-outcome model”

Structure	Process	Outcome
Boarding in ED	Decreased comfort	Decreased patient satisfaction
Patient with rate-controlled atrial fibrillation boarding in ED	Missed or delayed administration of chronic atrial fibrillation medications	Increased frequency of rapid atrial fibrillation
Increased number of handoffs for patients boarding in ED	Perception of inaccurate handoff by both ED and receiving inpatient team	Decreased provider satisfaction
Elderly patients boarding in ED hallway	Increased noise	Increased frequency of delirium/disorientation, increased hospital length of stay
ED staff working outside skill set	Perception of providing care outside their scope of practice	Decreased provider satisfaction
Prolonged boarding in ED	No deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention	Increased frequency of DVT