Figure 2. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ oligomers in independent clinical samples.

A) First AD study (Malmö). Increased CSF levels of Aβo in the AD group (n = 42) compared to the control group (n = 31), p<0.0001. Bars indicate median with interquartile range. B) Second AD study (Piteå and Stockholm). Increased CSF levels of Aβo in the group of patients with AD (n = 51) compared to the control group (n = 22), p<0.001. Bars indicate median with interquartile range. C) MCI study. Increased CSF levels of Aβo in the group of MCI patients who converted to AD during the follow-up period (n = 58) as compared to the control group (n = 62), p<0.01. No significant difference in CSF Aβo between stable MCI (p = 0.059) and controls. Bars indicate median with interquartile range. D) Clinical study on AD with different severity of dementia. Increased CSF levels of Aβo in the group of AD patients with mild (n = 44, p<0.01) and moderate (n = 51, p<0.001) dementia as compared to the control group (n = 33). No significant change was found in the AD group with severe dementia (n = 11) compared to the control group. Bars indicate median with interquartile range.