Table 5.

Results of linear models predicting depressive symptoms (CES-D) and on migration status and other covariates, Indonesia, 2000-2007 (p-values in parentheses)

	Overall sample			Females
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
Rural-urban labor migrants (ref. rural non-migrants)	0.549* (0.013)			0.857* (0.014)
Including urban non-migrants (ref. rural non-migrants)
Rural-urban labor migrants		0.418* (0.047)
Urban non-migrants		0.193* (0.012)
Including urban non-migrants (ref. urban non-migrants)
Rural non-migrants			−0.193* (0.012)
Rural-urban labor migrants			0.225 (0.288)
Whether moving with family members
(ref. rural non-migrants)
Moved with family members					0.513 (0.271)
Moved without family members					1.195* (0.012)
Length of stay at destination (ref. rural non-migrants)
Moved to cities in or before 2004						0.700 (0.360)
Moved to cities after 2004						0.900* (0.018)
N	5,250	10,019	10,019	2,872	2,872	2,872

Note: Other covariates are omitted, which are the same as those in Table 2. An additional covariate, pre-migration mental health state measured in 2000, is included in the models.

^***p value < 0.001

^**p value < 0.01

^*p value < 0.05

⁺p value < 0.1.

Source: Indonesia Family Lire Survey.