Table 2.
Prognosis of symptomatic patients evaluated for coronary artery disease according to the presence or absence of coronary artery calcification
| Author, Year [Ref] | n | Type of Population | Scanner / Thickness | Men (%) | Mean age | Prevalence n (%) | Mean Follow-Up (Months) | % Lost to Follow-Up | Definition of Events (n) | Events, n (%) | NPV (%) | LR (−) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAC = 0 | CAC > 0 | CAC = 0 | CAC > 0 | |||||||||||
| Detrano et al. 1996 [47] | 491 | Retrospective, referred for ICA | EBCT/3 mm | 57 | 55 | 98 (20) | 393 (80) | 30 | 14 | Cardiac death (13), MI (8) | 1 (1.0) | 20 (5.1) | 99 | 0.23 |
| McLaughlin et al. 1999 [50] | 134 | Retrospective, ED for chest pain | EBCT/3 mm | 37 | 53 | 48 (36) | 86 (64) | 1 | N/A | ACS (5), revascularization (3) | 1(2) | 7 (8.1) | 98 | 0.34 |
| Georgiou et al. 2001 [43] | 192 | Prospective observational study, ED for chest pain | EBCT/3 mm | 54 | 53 | 76 (40) | 116 (60) | 50 | 8 | Cardiac death (11), MI (19), revascularization (13), hospitalizations (11), stroke (4) | 2 (2.6) | 56 (48) | 97 | 0.06 |
| Keelan et al. 2001 [48] | 288 | Retrospective | EBCT/ 3mm | 77 | 56 | 32 (11) | 256 (89) | 84 | 9 | Cardiac death (N/A), MI (N/A) | 1 (3.1) | 21 (8.2) | 97 | 0.39 |
| Schmermund et al. 2004 [53] | 255 | Retrospective, recent onset of symptoms | EBCT/ 3 mm | 71 | 58 | 62 (24) | 193 (76) | 42 | 15 | Cardiac death (3), MI (2), revascularization (35) | 1 (1.6) | 39 (20) | 98 | 0.09 |
| Becker et al. 2005 [46] | 924 | Post ICA, no significant stenosis | MDCT | 48 | 59 | 188 (20) | 736 (80) | 36 | N/A | Cardiac death (28), MI (50) | 0 (0.00) | 78 (11) | 100 | 0 |
| Rozanski et al. 2007 [51] | 1153 | Referred primary care and self-referred | EBCT/MDCT 3 mm/2.5 mm | 74 | 58 | 252 (22) | 901 (78) | 32 | 3 | Cardiac death and MI (3), revascularizations > 60 days (37) | 1 (0.4) | 49 (5.4) | 100 | 0.09 |
| Schenker et al. 2008 [52] | 621 | Referred for stress PET | MDCT/2.5 mm | 40 | 61 | 213 (34) | 408 (66) | 17 | 0 | Cardiac death (33), MI (22) | 11 (5.2) | 44 (10.8) | 95 | 0.56 |
| Hoffmann et al. 2009 [44] | 368 | Prospective, observational, ED for chest pain | 64 MDCT/ CTA 0.6 mm | 61 | 53 | 14 (3.8) | 354 (86) | 6.2 | 9.5 | Cardiac death (0), MI (12), revascularization (23) | 1 (7.1) | 34 (9.6) | 93 | 0.73 |
| Laudon et al. 2010 [49] | 263 | Prospective, observational, ED for chest pain | EBCT / 3 mm | 60 | 48 | 133 (51) | 130 (49) | 1, 12, 60 (mean not reported) | 22 (at 5 years) | Death (0), ACS (15), revascularization (29) | 1 (0.75) | 45(35) | 99 | 0.04 |
| Nabi et al. 2010 [45] | 1031 | Prospective observational, ED for chest pain | MDCT/2.5 mm | 40 | 54 | 625 (61) | 406 (39) | 7.4 | 1 | Cardiac death (0), ACS (32) | 2 (0.32) | 30 (7.39) | 99 | 0.1 |
| Villines et al. 2011 [34••] | 10,037 | Observational registry referred for CCTA | ≥64 MDCT | 56 | 57 | 5128 (51) | 4909 (49) | 25 | 11.26 | All-cause mortality (95), nonfatal MI (55), revascularization >90 days (107) | 44 (0.9) | 191(4.8) | 99 | 0.36 |
| Yoon et al. 2012 [41] | 136 | Prospective observational, ED for chest pain | MDCT/0.6 | 58 | 56 | 92 (68) | 44 (32) | N/A | N/A | ACS (45) | 17 (18) | 28 (64) | 81 | 0.46 |
| Totals (mean) | 15,893 | 56 | 55 | 6,961 (44) | 8,932 (56) | 30 | 7.73 | 83 (0.52) | 642 (4.04) | 99 | 0.25 | |||
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; EBCT, electron beam computed tomography; MI, myocardial infarction; N/A, not applicable; PET, positron emission tomography; other abbreviations as in Table 1