Table 4.

Level of the evidence of associations of specific variables with personal stigma

	Correlates of perceived/experienced stigmatization	Correlates of self-stigma
Existing association
Risk factors (positive association)	Literacy 52	Harm avoidance 53
	Relatives' perceived stigma 52 and evaluation of patient's stigma 52	Positive symptoms 12,64,65
	Belief that illness is a disease 52, due to karma 52 or evil spirit 52	General psychopathology 34
	Number of any 52 and of non-medical causal beliefs 52	Social anxiety 66
	Schizophrenia diagnosis 28,55	Social avoidance 12
	Positive symptoms 5,32,33,35,39,48,52,56,57	Withdrawal as coping strategy 12
	General psychopathology 33,35,48,56,57	Insight in effect of medication 67
	Depression 32,35,48,57–59 or guilt 62	Discrimination experience 62
	Social anxiety 60	Emotional discomfort 64
	Disability 33
	Coping strategy: withdrawal 35,57 or secrecy 35,57
	Discrimination experience 62
Protective factors (negative association)	Social integration 32,58,61	Self-directedness 53 and persistence 53
	Quality of life 32,48,55,58,59,61,63	Social integration 64 and support 72
	Empowerment 57,58	Treatment compliance 67–70
	Self-esteem 30,47,59 and self-efficacy 35,57	Hope 65,71 and empowerment 58
	Satisfaction with finances 32	Quality of life 58,65,72,73
	Support 63	Self-esteem (12,54,47,49
	Mastery 63	Social 43,62 and vocational functioning 73
		Recovery 62,74
Lack of association	Being married 33,48,58	Being married 58
	Living alone 48,58	Living alone 58
	Education 32,33,40,48	Education 10,54,64,65,75
	Age 33,35,48,52,56,58	Lifetime number of hospitalizations 34,58,64,65
	Male gender 5,32,33,35,40,48,52,58	Diagnosis of schizophrenia 64
	Ethnicity 5	Insight 12
	Residency 52	Medication compliance 76
	Employment 33,35,40,48,52 and income 32,41,52
	No. of systems of therapy used 52
	Hospital type 40,48
	Belief that illness is due to punishment by god 52, black magic 52
	Belief that illness should be treated by a doctor/hospital 52, traditional healer 52, mantravadi/shaman 52, be cured by going to a temple/place of worship 52
	Number of treatment beliefs 52 or non-medical treatment beliefs 52
	Duration of illness 48,58
	Lifetime number of hospitalization 48,58
	Negative symptoms 5,32,33,35,48,52,56
	Insight 32,35,40,74
Mixed/unclear results	Age at onset/first hospitalization 48,58	Age 10,34,49,54,58,64,65,75
	Treatment compliance 38,59	Male gender 10,34,45,58
	Social functioning 5,32,58,62	Age at onset/first hospitalization 12,34,58,65
		Duration of illness 34,58
		Depression 12,58
		Negative symptoms 64,65