Figure 1.

Immune network in EOC. EOC is immunogenic and expresses tumor-associated antigens such as HER2/neu, CA125 and Folate Receptor α. Various immune effectors such as CD8⁺ T-cells, NK-cells and Vγ9Vδ2T-cells can attack tumor cells, but immunosuppressive crosstalk counteracts the functions of these effector cells. Treg, tolerogenic DC, MDSC, B7-H4⁺ TAM and non-immune cells such as mesenchymal stem cells and tumor cells themselves halt antitumor activities through cell-cell contacts (CA125/siglec pathway, PD-1 and CTLA-4 immunosuppressive checkpoints) or the production of soluble factors (IL-10, TGF-β, PGE2, MIF, arginase-1, and IDO).