Table 4.
Logistic regression models showing covariate-adjusted odds of sleep problems among US children aged 6–17 by neighborhood, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics: the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health.
| Neighborhood conditions and Socio-behavioral characteristics | Less than 5 days/week of adequate sleep | Less than 7 days/week of adequate sleep | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic model | Full socio-behavioral model | Sociodemographic model | Full socio-behavioral model | |||||||||
| Adj OR | 95% CI | Adj OR | 95% CI | Adj OR | 95% CI | Adj OR | 95% CI | |||||
| Index of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions | ||||||||||||
| 20.78–67.09 (least favorable) | 1.48 | 1.21 | 1.80 | 1.43 | 1.18 | 1.75 | 1.37 | 1.16 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 1.15 | 1.59 |
| 67.10–88.32 | 1.38 | 1.10 | 1.73 | 1.38 | 1.11 | 1.72 | 1.22 | 1.03 | 1.45 | 1.22 | 1.03 | 1.45 |
| 88.33–104.99 | 1.45 | 1.25 | 1.69 | 1.42 | 1.22 | 1.65 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.26 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.25 |
| 105.00–111.40 (most favorable) | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Neighborhood safety | ||||||||||||
| Safe | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Unsafe | 1.44 | 1.21 | 1.72 | 1.40 | 1.17 | 1.66 | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.39 | 1.19 | 1.04 | 1.37 |
| Presence of garbage/litter in neighborhood | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.33 | 1.14 | 1.54 | 1.29 | 1.12 | 1.50 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.16 | 1.46 |
| No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Poorly kept or dilapidated/rundown housing in neighborhood | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.50 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.48 | 1.20 | 1.07 | 1.35 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 1.34 |
| No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Vandalism such as broken windows or graffiti in neighborhood | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.50 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.49 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 1.39 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 1.39 |
| No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Index of neighborhood built environment | ||||||||||||
| 46.40–67.04 (low amenities) | 1.39 | 1.11 | 1.74 | 1.37 | 1.10 | 1.70 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 1.26 | 1.05 | 0.89 | 1.25 |
| 67.05–81.39 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 1.43 | 1.21 | 1.02 | 1.44 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.19 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 1.19 |
| 81.40–104.99 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 1.15 |
| 105.00–116.40 (high amenities) | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Neighborhood access to sidewalks or walking paths | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| No | 1.10 | 0.97 | 1.24 | 1.10 | 0.97 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.07 |
| Neighborhood access to parks or playgrounds | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| No | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 1.04 | 1.38 | 1.07 | 0.96 | 1.18 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.18 |
| Neighborhood access to a recreation or community center | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| No | 1.13 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 1.09 |
| Neighborhood access to a library or bookmobile | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| No | 1.24 | 1.05 | 1.47 | 1.24 | 1.05 | 1.47 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.20 |
| Child's age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 6–8 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| 9–11 | 1.38 | 1.12 | 1.71 | 1.33 | 1.08 | 1.64 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.04 | 1.34 |
| 12–14 | 2.40 | 2.02 | 2.85 | 2.13 | 1.79 | 2.54 | 1.95 | 1.73 | 2.20 | 1.86 | 1.64 | 2.10 |
| 15–17 | 4.06 | 3.45 | 4.78 | 3.37 | 2.83 | 4.01 | 2.54 | 2.25 | 2.86 | 2.35 | 2.06 | 2.67 |
| Child's sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Female | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 1.21 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.09 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.17 | 0.92 | 1.49 | 1.18 | 0.92 | 1.51 | 1.28 | 1.08 | 1.51 | 1.29 | 1.09 | 1.53 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.16 | 0.90 | 1.50 | 1.11 | 0.86 | 1.45 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.18 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.18 |
| Hispanic | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska native | 1.06 | 0.65 | 1.75 | 1.08 | 0.67 | 1.76 | 0.97 | 0.68 | 1.38 | 0.98 | 0.69 | 1.40 |
| Asian | 1.21 | 0.78 | 1.87 | 1.17 | 0.76 | 1.82 | 0.94 | 0.67 | 1.31 | 0.92 | 0.65 | 1.29 |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1.16 | 0.58 | 2.31 | 1.21 | 0.62 | 2.38 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 2.46 | 1.22 | 0.60 | 2.51 |
| Non-Hispanic mixed race | 1.06 | 0.77 | 1.46 | 1.07 | 0.78 | 1.48 | 1.35 | 1.04 | 1.74 | 1.38 | 1.06 | 1.78 |
| Other | 0.63 | 0.34 | 1.20 | 0.61 | 0.32 | 1.19 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.96 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.97 |
| Child's nativity/immigrant status | ||||||||||||
| Born to immigrant parents | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.83 |
| Born to US-born parents | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Household composition | ||||||||||||
| Two-parent biological | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Two-parent stepfamily | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.22 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 1.11 |
| Single mother | 1.39 | 1.16 | 1.65 | 1.35 | 1.13 | 1.60 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.27 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 1.26 |
| Other family type | 0.92 | 0.69 | 1.23 | 0.89 | 0.66 | 1.20 | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.22 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1.15 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.28 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 1.06 |
| Non-metropolitan | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Household poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold) | ||||||||||||
| Below 100% | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.16 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 1.10 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.91 |
| 100%–199% | 0.86 | 0.71 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.90 |
| 200%–399% | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 1.03 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.02 |
| At or above 400% | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Highest household or parental education level (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 0.95 | 0.72 | 1.25 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 1.13 | 0.90 | 0.72 | 1.12 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 1.08 |
| 12 | 0.91 | 0.77 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.98 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.97 |
| 13–15 | 0.93 | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.96 |
| 16+ | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||
| Television watching (number of hours per day) | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||||
| 1 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 1.14 | 0.95 | 0.84 | 1.08 | ||||||
| 2 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 1.08 | ||||||
| >2 | 1.07 | 0.89 | 1.28 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 1.05 | ||||||
| Recreational computer use (number of hours per day) | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||||
| 1-2 | 1.22 | 1.07 | 1.40 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.18 | ||||||
| >2 | 1.41 | 1.17 | 1.69 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 1.41 | ||||||
| Physical activity (number of days per week) | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 1.47 | 1.22 | 1.77 | 1.21 | 1.04 | 1.41 | ||||||
| 1-2 | 1.45 | 1.21 | 1.75 | 1.30 | 1.13 | 1.49 | ||||||
| 3-4 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 1.22 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.19 | ||||||
| 5+ | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||||
| Secondhand smoke exposure | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.23 | 1.04 | 1.46 | 1.07 | 0.94 | 1.23 | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||||||||
Sociodemographic logistic models included child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, nativity, household composition, metropolitan/nonmetropolitan residence, household poverty and education levels, and neighborhood social conditions or built environments. The full logistic model included neighborhood conditions and sociodemographic and behavioral covariates.