Table 5.

Association between antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of E. coli isolates from stream water.

Antimicrobial agent		Phenicols	Quinolones		Sulfonamides	Beta-lactams		Cephalosporin
		Chloramphenicol	Pefloxacin	Levofloxacin	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	Ampicillin	Carbenicillin	Cephalotine
Quinolones	Pefloxacin	++
	Levofloxacin	−	+
Sulfonamides	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	++	++	++
Beta-lactams	Ampicillin	++	+++	++	−
	Carbenicillin	++	++	−	+	+
Nitrofurans	Nitrofuratoin	+	+	−	−	−	+++
	Cephalotine	−	+++	++	+++	+++	+++
Cephalosporin	Cephatoxim	−	−		−	+	−	−
	Ceftriaxone	++	−	−	−	++	−	+

Only the antimicrobial multi-resistant phenotypes that exhibited an association with another phenotype at the p < 0.05 level are shown. The levels of significance of the association as assessed by the chi-square exact test were as follows: –, p > 0.05; +, 0.05 ≥ p ≥ 0.01; ++, 0.01 ≥ p ≥ 0.001; +++, 0.001 ≥ p.