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. 2013 May 8;98(1):136–145. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.043000

TABLE 3.

Estimated mean differences in blood pressure and dietary alanine intake from foods higher by 2 SDs by using multiple regression analyses1

Systolic blood pressure
 Diastolic blood pressure
Not adjusted for height and weight
 Adjusted for height and weight
 Not adjusted for height and weight
 Adjusted for height and weight
Models Difference z score Difference z score Difference z score Difference z score
mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg mm Hg
Main analyses (n = 4680): alanine expressed as the percentage of total protein
 1 3.282 6.22 1.932 3.82 1.412 4.06 0.622 1.84
 2 3.012 5.75 1.812 3.60 1.352 3.90 0.632 1.87
 3 (urinary sodium, urinary potassium, alcohol) 2.372 4.50 1.32 2.61 1.022 2.91 0.38 1.13
 4 (PUFA, SFA, cholesterol) 2.372 4.20 1.322 2.43 1.182 3.15 0.532 1.46
 5a (phosphorus) 2.70 4.59 1.61 2.83 1.36 3.45 0.67 1.75
 5b (magnesium) 2.72 4.55 1.75 3.04 1.51 3.76 0.90 2.32
 5c (calcium) 1.62 2.64 0.65 1.10 0.71 1.74 0.11 0.27
 5d (iron) 2.282 4.03 1.29 2.37 1.132 3.00 0.52 1.42
 5e (fiber) 2.36 4.08 1.352 2.42 1.182 3.05 0.532 1.41
 5f (animal protein) 1.942 3.11 1.272 2.12 0.852 2.07 0.432 1.08
 5g (vegetable protein) 1.982 3.19 1.282 2.16 0.862 2.11 0.422 1.06
 5h (total protein) 2.682 4.60 1.632 2.91 1.342 3.46 0.682 1.82
 5i (glutamic acid) 2.312 2.75 0.992 1.23 0.76 1.35 −0.06 −0.11
 5j (red meat) 1.812 2.94 0.97 1.64 0.83 2.05 0.29 0.74
Sensitivity analyses
 Adjusted also for total energy (kJ/d) (n = 4680)
 4 2.372 4.20 1.312 2.42 1.182 3.15 0.522 1.45
 5a (phosphorus) 2.73 4.63 1.62 2.85 1.37 3.46 0.66 1.73
 Alanine expressed as g/d (instead of the percentage of total protein), adjusted also for total energy (kJ/d) (n = 4680)
 4 0.88 1.20 −0.13 −0.19 0.47 0.93 −0.19 −0.40
 5a (phosphorus) 2.92 3.48 1.17 1.45 1.62 2.83 0.51 0.91
 Alanine expressed as the percentage of kJ (instead of the percentage of total protein) (n = 4680)
 4 0.37 0.75 −0.18 −0.39 0.18 0.52 −0.17 −0.50
 5a (phosphorus) 2.12 3.65 0.97 1.74 1.22 3.06 0.50 1.29
 Censored normal regression adjusting for antihypertensive treatment (n = 4680)
 4 2.882 4.51 1.61 2.66 1.532 3.66 0.732 1.84
 5a (phosphorus) 3.19 4.77 1.85 2.92 1.73 3.89 0.86 2.05
 Nonhypertensive persons (n = 3671)
 4 1.57 3.35 0.91 2.02 0.83 2.40 0.39 1.18
 5a (phosphorus) 1.94 3.89 1.19 2.48 1.07 2.92 0.57 1.61
 Nonintervened persons (n = 2238)3
 4 0.77 0.98 0.40 0.53 0.43 0.83 0.17 0.35
 5a (phosphorus) 1.30 1.55 0.86 1.06 0.78 1.39 0.44 0.81
 Excluding persons with high day-to-day variability in nutrient intake or blood pressure (n = 3473)
 4 2.71 4.01 1.66 2.54 1.25 2.79 0.62 1.43
 5a (phosphorus) 2.96 4.22 1.90 2.80 1.45 3.10 0.80 1.77
1

Model 1 was controlled for sample, age, and sex. Model 2 was controlled as for model 1 and for special diet (yes or no), supplement intake (yes or no), cardiovascular disease or diabetes diagnosis (yes or no), physical activity (medium plus heavy; h/d), and family history of high blood pressure (yes, no, or unknown). Model 3 was controlled as for model 2 and for urinary sodium and urinary potassium (mmol/24 h) and 14-d alcohol (g/d). Model 4 was controlled as for model 3 and for cholesterol (mg/1000 kJ) and total SFA and total PUFA (percentage of kJ). Models 5a–5j were controlled as for model 4 and for each stipulated nutrient (expressed per 1000 kJ or as the percentage of kJ). Nonintervened individuals did not consume a special diet, did not consume nutritional supplements, were not diagnosed with cardiovascular disease or diabetes, and were not taking medication for high bold pressure, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. Nonhypertensive persons had systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg and were not taking an antihypertensive medication. z value = regression coefficient ÷ SE; z value ≥1.96: uncorrected P ≤ 0.05; z value ≥2.58: uncorrected P ≤ 0.01; z value ≥3.29: uncorrected P ≤ 0.001. Two-SD higher alanine intake was 0.85% for the percentage of total protein, 2.62 for g/d, and 0.34% for the percentage of total kilocalories. There were no significant interactions with sex or age.

2

Test for cross-country heterogeneity significant, P < 0.05.

3

Regressions were not adjusted for special diet, supplement use, or diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or diabetes.