TABLE 4.
Estimated mean differences in blood pressure and dietary glycine and alanine intake (percentage of total protein) from foods higher by 2 SDs considered jointly in multiple regression analyses1
| Systolic blood pressure |
Diastolic blood pressure |
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| Not adjusted for height and weight |
Adjusted for height and weight |
Not adjusted for height and weight |
Adjusted for height and weight |
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| Models and amino acids | Difference | z score | Difference | z score | Difference | z score | Difference | z score |
| mm Hg | mm Hg | mm Hg | mm Hg | |||||
| 4 (PUFA, SFA, cholesterol) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.97 | 4.26 | 2.36 | 3.52 | 1.42 | 3.02 | 1.01 | 2.22 |
| Alanine | −0.39 | −0.51 | −0.91 | −1.25 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.39 | −0.83 |
| 5a (phosphorus) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.54 | 3.58 | 2.02 | 2.97 | 1.14 | 2.38 | 0.79 | 1.71 |
| Alanine | 0.62 | 0.76 | −0.09 | −0.12 | 0.54 | 1.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| 5b (magnesium) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.76 | 3.93 | 2.21 | 3.28 | 1.30 | 2.73 | 0.92 | 2.01 |
| Alanine | 0.14 | 0.16 | −0.38 | −0.47 | 0.40 | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
| 5c (calcium) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.74 | 3.84 | 2.14 | 3.12 | 1.23 | 2.55 | 0.83 | 1.78 |
| Alanine | −0.43 | −0.57 | −0.96 | −1.31 | −0.10 | −0.21 | −0.45 | −0.95 |
| 5d (iron) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.94 | 4.20 | 2.35 | 3.51 | 1.40 | 2.96 | 1.00 | 2.20 |
| Alanine | −0.36 | −0.47 | −0.87 | −1.18 | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.37 | −0.79 |
| 5e (fiber) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.90 | 4.11 | 2.36 | 3.50 | 1.40 | 2.93 | 1.05 | 2.29 |
| Alanine | −0.49 | −0.62 | −1.07 | −1.39 | −0.15 | −0.29 | −0.57 | −1.13 |
| 5f (animal protein) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.87 | 4.05 | 2.25 | 3.32 | 1.28 | 2.66 | 0.88 | 1.90 |
| Alanine | −0.22 | −0.28 | −0.58 | −0.76 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.28 | −0.58 |
| 5g (vegetable protein) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 3.03 | 4.32 | 2.37 | 3.53 | 1.46 | 3.08 | 1.02 | 2.24 |
| Alanine | −0.86 | −1.11 | −1.20 | −1.61 | −0.36 | −0.72 | −0.60 | −1.25 |
| 5h (total protein) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.95 | 4.19 | 2.36 | 3.51 | 1.36 | 2.86 | 0.98 | 2.13 |
| Alanine | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.65 | −0.88 | 0.08 | 0.16 | −0.28 | −0.59 |
| 5i (glutamic acid) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.94 | 4.20 | 2.35 | 3.50 | 1.37 | 2.88 | 0.97 | 2.13 |
| Alanine | −0.53 | −0.67 | −1.13 | −1.48 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.49 | −0.98 |
| 5j (red meat) | ||||||||
| Glycine | 2.96 | 4.23 | 2.36 | 3.52 | 1.42 | 3.00 | 1.02 | 2.24 |
| Alanine | −0.60 | −0.77 | −1.03 | −1.38 | −0.18 | −0.35 | −0.47 | −0.98 |
Model 4 was controlled for sample, age, sex, special diet (yes or no), supplement intake (yes or no), cardiovascular disease or diabetes diagnosis (yes or no), physical activity (medium plus heavy; h/d), family history of high blood pressure (yes, no, or unknown), urinary sodium and urinary potassium (mmol/24 h), 14-d alcohol (g/d), cholesterol (mg/1000 kJ), and total SFA and total PUFA (percentage of kJ). Models 5a–5j were controlled as for model 4 and for each stipulated nutrient (expressed per 1000 kJ or as the percentage of kJ). Two-SD higher glycine intake was 0.89% for the percentage of total protein, 2.39 for g/d, and 0.31% for the percentage of total kilocalories. Two-SD higher alanine intake was 0.85% for the percentage of total protein, 2.62 for g/d, and 0.34% for the percentage of total kilocalories. z value = regression coefficient ÷ SE; z value ≥1.96: uncorrected P ≤ 0.05; z value ≥2.58: uncorrected P ≤ 0.01; z value ≥3.29: uncorrected P ≤ 0.001. No significant cross-country heterogeneity was detected, P < 0.05.