TABLE 2.

Characteristics of individuals with diabetes in the included studies¹

Source	Participants	Age	Men	Duration of follow-up	Exposure assessment	Exposure categories	Incidence	Case identification methods	Adjusted variables
	n	y	%	y
Cardiovascular disease
Hu et al, 1999 (30), HPFS, USA	1187	40–75	100	7.2	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1/wk,2–4/wk,5–6/wk,≥1/d	Not reported	Review medical record	Age, BMI, 2-y time periods, cigarette smoking, parental history of myocardial infarction, multivitamin supplement use, vitamin E supplement use, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, physical activity, and total energy intake
Hu et al, 1999 (30), NHS, USA2	4122	34–59	0	13.2	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1/wk,2–4/wk,5–6/wk,≥1/d	Not reported	Review medical record	Age, BMI, 2-y time periods, cigarette smoking, parental history of myocardial infarction, multivitamin supplement use, vitamin E supplement use, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypertension, physical activity, and total energy intake
Tanasescu et al, 2004 (48), NHS, USA2	5672	Mean: 48.4 (≥30)	0	10.1	Semiquantitative questionnaire	<1/wk,1 to <3/wk,3/wk,>3–6/wk,>6/wk	619 CVD	Review medical record	Age, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, parental history of MI before 60 y of age, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, total caloric intake, protein intake, fiber intake, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, and diabetes medication use
Qureshi et al, 2007 (33), NHANES I, USA	349	25–74	38.6	16.6	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1–6/wk,≥7/wk	57 total stroke, 132 CAD	Registry	Age, sex, race-ethnicity, systolic BP, DM, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, BMI, and education status
Houston et al, 2011 (35), Health ABC Study, USA	341	70–79	44.5	9.0	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1–2/wk,≥3/wk	45 CVD	Annual clinical examination and medical record	Age, sex, race, education, field center, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, BMI, total energy intake, protein intake, fiber intake, multivitamin use, supplemental vitamin E use, statin use, aspirin use, oral estrogen use (women), prevalent hypertension, and SFAs
Mortality
Qureshi et al, 2007 (33), NHANES I, USA	349	25–74	38.6	16.6	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1–6/wk,≥7/wk	253 all-cause death	Registry	Age, sex, race-ethnicity, systolic BP, DM, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, BMI, and education status
Djousse and Gaziano, 2008 (34), PHS, USA	437	40–86	100	20.0	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1/wk,2–4/wk,5–6/wk,≥7/wk	263 all-cause death	Self or family-reported questionnaire	Age, BMI, smoking, history of hypertension, vitamin intake, alcohol consumption, vegetable consumption, breakfast cereal, physical activity, treatment arm a-fib, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of premature MI
Scrafford et al, 2010 (50), NHANES III, USA	743	>17	45.7	8.8	Self-administered questionnaire	<1/wk,1–6/wk,≥7/wk	66 CHD death,24 stroke death	Registry	Age, sex, and energy intake

¹a-fib, atrial fibrillation; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; Health ABC, Health, Aging and Body Composition; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MI, myocardial infarction; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; PHS, Physicians’ Health Study.

²Two cohort studies have the outcomes for CVD from the same cohort, NHS.