Table 1.
Comparison of heart characteristics between species
| Number of heart chambers | Average heart mass (g)a | Average heart rate (bpm)b | Percent mononucleated CMsc | Inherent regenerative potential | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zebrafish | 2 | 0.003 | 130–180 | 95 | Full regeneration 60 d after amputation of ∼20% of apical myocardiumd |
| Urodeles (newt or axolotl) | 3 | 0.05 | 20–30 | 98 | Full regeneration 30–60 d after amputation of ∼10%–25% of apical myocardiume |
| Python | 3 | 1 | 20 | N.R. | Postprandial reversible 40% mass increase due to hypertrophy without hyperplasiaf |
| Mouse | 4 | 0.2 | 450–750 | 1 d old: 96 Adult: <9 |
∼Full regeneration 21 d after amputation of ∼15% of apical myocardium in neonatal miceg |
| Rat | 4 | 0.8 | 250–450 | 1 d old: 97 10 d old: 9 |
Minimal or N.R. |
| Guinea pig | 4 | 1 | 130–330 | N.R. | Minimal or N.R. |
| Rabbit | 4 | 8 | 170–280 | N.R. | Minimal or N.R. |
| Monkey | 4 | 30 | 100–270 | N.R. | Minimal or N.R. |
| Dog | 4 | 100 | 70–140 | 2 | Minimal or N.R. |
| Pig | 4 | 200 | 70–120 | ∼5 | Minimal or N.R. |
| Sheep | 4 | 200 | 70–120 | 4 d old: 17 4–6 wk old: 8 |
Minimal or N.R. |
| Human | 4 | 300 | 60–80 | 74 | Minimal or N.R. |
(N.R.) Not reported.
aLarson (1978); Poupa and Lindstrom (1983); de la Grandmaison et al. (2001); Tiritilli (2001); Davis et al. (2002); Ruttkay-Nedecky (2004); Andersen et al. (2005); Keenan and Vidal (2006); van Timmeren et al. (2008); Bunker and Laughlin (2010); Lafontant et al. (2011); Leo et al. (2011).
bBarrionuevo and Burggren (1999); Michaelsson and Ho (2000); McKean et al. (2002); Zaar et al. (2007); van Timmeren et al. (2008).
cGrabner and Pfitzer (1974) (pig); Kajstura et al. (1995) (dog; 74.5% binucleated, 0.8% trinucleated, 2 % tetranucleated); Li et al. (1996) (rat; 1 d old, 3% binucleated; 10 d old, 91% binucleated); Olivetti et al. (1996) (human; 25.5% binucleated, 0.4% trinucleated, 0.1% tetranucleated); Soonpaa et al. (1996) (mouse); Burrell et al. (2003) (sheep; 83% binucleated at 4 d of age; 92% binucleated at 4–6 wk of age); Wills et al. (2008) (zebrafish); Botting et al. (2012); Mahmoud and Porrello (2012).
dPoss et al. (2002); Raya et al. (2003).
eBecker et al. (1974); Oberpriller and Oberpriller (1974); Oberpriller et al. (1988); Flink (2002).
fAndersen et al. (2005).
gPorrello et al. (2011).