Table 3.

Studies from Early and Middle Childhood into Adolescence

1st Author(s)	Year	Sample	Female N	Age	Behavior Assessed (Reporter)	Childhood Onset Modeling	Adol: Child Onset	M/F Separate (Y/N)	Trajectories/Groups n (%)
Middle Childhood to Adolescence
Maughan et al.	2000	Community -89% White -Rural -Southeast U.S. -1/3 below Federal poverty line	630	9-13 through 13-16	DSM-IV Aggressive CD Symptoms (Child, Parent)	Semi- parametric modeling	N/A	N	1. High stable 15 (2.3%) 2. Declining 63 (10%) 3. Stable low 552 (87.7%)
					DSM-IV Non- Aggressive CD Symptoms (Child, Parent)	“	N/A	N	1. High stable 12 (1.9%) 2. Declining 164 (26%) 3. Stable low 454 (72.1%)
Fergusson & Horwood	2002	Community -New Zealand birth cohort (Christchurch)	461	8-20	Conduct Problems (Parent, Teacher (8-10))a Juvenile Offending (SREDb, SRDc – Parent, Child (11- 20))	Latent class modeling	13:1	N	1. Chronic 8 (2.1%) 2. Early adolescent limited (21%) 3. Adolescent limited (3.7%) 4. Late adolescent limited (2.4%) 5. Low 327 (71%)
Odgers et al.	2008	Community -New Zealand birth cohort (Dunedin) -Primarily White	494	7-15	DSM-IV CD symptoms (6)d (Parent, Child, Teacher)	General growth mixture modeling	2:1	Y	1. Early-onset persistent 37 (7.5%) 2. Childhood limited 99 (20%) 3. Adolescent onset 86 (17.4%) 4. Low 272 (55.1%)
Middle Childhood to Adolescence (cont’d)
Pepler et al.	2010	Community -Canadian school sample -20.4% Asian- Canadian -Mid-to-upper SES	402	10-17	Delinquency (SRED – Child)	Semi- parametric modeling	1:1.5	N	1. Early onset 17 (4.2%) 2. Late onset 11 (2.7%) 3. Moderate 92 (22.9%) 4. Low 282 (70.2%)
Diamont- opoulou et al.	2011	Community -Dutch -Wave design -no race/SES provided	776	11-18	Delinquency (YSRa – Child)	General growth mixture modeling	N/A	Y	1. “High” increasing 264 (34%) *did not differ from 0 at age 11 2. Low 512 (66%)
Early Childhood to Adolescence
Moffitt & Caspi	2001	Community -New Zealand birth cohort -Primarily White	445	5-18	Antisocial behavior (Parent (5-11) SRD – Child (15, 18))	LCP defined as > 2 time points 5-11 with ASB, extreme ASB at 15 or 18	13:1	Y	1. Life-course persistent 6 (1%) 2. Adolescent limited 78 (18%) 3. Never 361 (81%)
Brennan et al.	2003	High-risk -Australian birth cohort subsample -Mothers depressed 0-5 -91% Caucasian	172	5,14,15	Aggressive Behavior (CBCL – Parent)	Combinations of 1 SD above mean at age 4, 14, or 15; those in “middle range” excluded	1:1	Y	1. Early onset persistent 23 (13.4%) 2. Adolescent onset 25 (14.3%) 3. Nonaggressive 124 (72.3%)
Early Childhood to Adolescence (cont’d)
Bongers et al.	2004	Community -Netherlands birth cohorts -Wave design -Caucasian	1060	4-18	Aggression (CBCL – Parent)	Multi-level growth models	N/A	N	1. High decreasing 47 (4.4%) 2. Low decreasing 154 (14.5%) 3. Low 859 (81%)
					Opposition (CBCL –Parent)	“	1:1	N	1. High persisting 63 (5.9%) 2. High decreasing 234 (22.1%) 3.Medium decreasing 335 (31.6%) 4. Adolescent increasing 73 (6.9%) 5. Low decreasing 272 (25.7%) 6. Low (7.8%)
					Property Violations (CBCL –Parent)	Multi-level growth models	N/A	N	1. High persisting 33 (3.1%) 2. Low decreasing 184 (17.4%) 3. Low 843 (79.7%)
					Status Violations (CBCL – Parent)	“	37:1	N	1. High increasing 7 (.7%) 2. Adolescent increasing 258 (24.3%) 3. Medium increasing 204 (19.2%) 4. Low 591 (55.8%)
Lahey et al.	2006	Community -U.S. Representative, NLSY subsample -Diverse sample -Accelerated design	2253	4-17	Conduct Problems (Items from CBCLa–Parent (4- 13)) Delinquency (SRD – Child, (14-17))	Semi- parametric modeling	1.5:1	Y	1. Life-course persistent 155(6.9%) 2. Moderate 622 (27.6%) 3. Normative 834 (37%) 4. Adolescent limited 257 (11.4%) 5. Low 385 (17.1%)
Bor et al.	2010	Community -Australian birth cohort -Mostly Caucasian -Working and lower-middle class	2201	5,14	Antisocial Behavior (CBCL – Parent, age 5; YSR – Child age 14)	Considered antisocial at a given age if scored 1 SD > mean	4:1	Y	1. Life-course persistent 41 (2.7%) 2. Childhood limited 166 (9.7%) 3. Adolescent onset 154 (10.1%) 4. Unclassified 1291 (77.5%)

^aMeasure created for study –items from Conners’ (1969) and Rutters’ (1970) scales.

^bSRED = Self-Report of Early Delinquency (Moffitt & Silva, 1988).

^cSRD = Self-Report of Delinquency.

^dTruancy, stealing, fighting, telling lies, bullying, and destroying property.

^aYSR = Youth Self Report Version of the CBCL (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001).

^aCheats or tells lies, has trouble getting along with teachers, disobedient at home, disobedient at school, bullies or is cruel or mean to others, breaks things on purpose or deliberately destroys his/her own or another’s things, and does not seem to feel sorry after misbehaving.