Table 2A.
S100b CSF Bivariate Associations between Outcomes, Demographic/Clinical Variables, S100b Average Levels, Peak Levels, and Trajectory Groups
| |
Acute care mortality |
Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) |
Disability Rating Scale (DRS) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Alive | Dead | p-value | 1 | 2/3 | 4/5 | p-value | 0–3 | 4–14 | 15–30 | p-value |
| Gender, N (%) | |||||||||||
| Female | 17 (68.0) | 8 (32.0) | 0.083 | 9 (36.0) | 12 (48.0) | 4 (16.0) | 0.085 | 2 (7.7) | 10 (38.5) | 14 (53.8) | 0.017 |
| Male | 88 (84.6) | 16 (15.4) | 21 (22.6) | 36 (38.7) | 36 (38.7) | 33 (34.7) | 27 (28.4) | 35 (36.8) | |||
| Age, years, mean±SEM | 32.9±1.4 | 43.2±3.3 | 0.002 | 46.4±2.9 | 33.8±2.1 | 31.2±2.1 | <0.001 | 28.1±2.1 | 36.1±2.4 | 42.3±2.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean±SEM | 26.4±0.5 | 27.9±1.3 | 0.253 | 27.9±1.0 | 25.8±0.8 | 27.6±0.8 | 0.072 | 26.5±0.9 | 27.4±0.9 | 27.9±0.9 | 0.473 |
| GCS, median | 7 | 5 | 0.013 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 0.017 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 0.003 |
| ISS, mean±SEM | 34.2±0.9 | 36.3±2.4 | 0.393 | 34.5±2.1 | 34.5±1.4 | 32.8±1.5 | 0.772 | 33.3±1.6 | 32.9±1.6 | 35.0±1.6 | 0.614 |
| Hypothermia treatment, N (% yes) | 15 (93.7) | 1 (6.3) | 0.303 | 1 (6.2) | 7 (43.8) | 8 (50.0) | 0.103 | 6 (42.9) | 6 (42.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.080 |
| Long-bone fracture, N (% fractured) | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0.688 | 1 (11.1) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (22.2) | 0.305 | 2 (22.2) | 4 (44.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0.749 |
| Isolated head Injury, N (% with IHI) | 43 (74.1) | 15 (25.9) | 0.071 | 16 (30.8) | 19 (36.5) | 17 (32.7) | 0.487 | 17 (32.1) | 14 (26.4) | 22 (41.5) | 0.658 |
| Mechanism of injury | |||||||||||
| Automobile/motorcycle | 79 (85.9) | 13 (14.1) | 0.005 | 15 (18.3) | 34 (41.5) | 33 (40.2) | 0.013 | 30 (35.7) | 26 (31.0) | 28 (33.3) | 0.109 |
| Fall/jump | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) | 11 (52.4) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (23.8) | 3 (13.6) | 6 (27.3) | 13 (59.1) | |||
| Other | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | 4 (28.6) | 8 (57.1) | 2 (14.3) | 2 (14.3) | 5 (35.7) | 7 (50.0) | |||
| Radiological injury type, N (% present) | |||||||||||
| Subdural hematoma | 58 (77.3) | 17 (22.7) | 0.256 | 22 (30.1) | 33 (45.2) | 18 (24.7) | 0.025 | 17 (22.7) | 23 (30.7) | 35 (46.6) | 0.040 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 71 (77.2) | 21 (22.8) | 0.122 | 26 (30.6) | 33 (38.8) | 26 (30.6) | 0.146 | 22 (25.6) | 25 (29.1) | 39 (45.3) | 0.063 |
| Diffuse axonal injury | 37 (90.2) | 4 (9.8) | 0.089 | 4 (12.1) | 12 (36.4) | 17 (51.5) | 0.022 | 18 (52.9) | 7 (20.6) | 9 (26.5) | 0.003 |
| Epidural hematoma | 13 (18.2) | 3 (18.8) | >0.999 | 3 (23.1) | 3 (23.1) | 7 (53.8) | 0.279 | 7 (50.0) | 3 (21.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0.229 |
| Contusion | 38 (69.1) | 17 (30.9) | 0.005 | 21 (38.9) | 18 (33.3) | 15 (27.8) | 0.014 | 12 (49.1) | 15 (28.3) | 26 (49.1) | 0.127 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 33 (84.6) | 6 (15.4) | 0.625 | 8 (22.2) | 14 (38.9) | 14 (38.9) | 0.691 | 12 (30.8) | 11 (28.2) | 16 (41.0) | 0.939 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 36 (87.8) | 5 (12.2) | 0.227 | 8 (22.2) | 17 (47.2) | 11 (30.6) | 0.585 | 8 (20.5) | 17 (43.6) | 14 (35.9) | 0.092 |
| S100b Levels (ng/mL), mean±SEM | |||||||||||
| S100b average levels | 2.60±0.44 | 3.89±0.79 | 0.006 | 4.34±0.97 | 3.29±0.75 | 2.04±0.44 | 0.009 | 2.05±0.43 | 3.49±0.97 | 3.64±0.65 | 0.080 |
| S100b peak levels | 6.34±1.01 | 9.01±2.14 | 0.026 | 9.07±1.99 | 7.15±1.60 | 6.51±1.62 | 0.047 | 6.79±1.81 | 7.89±2.14 | 7.77±1.36 | 0.110 |
| S100b trajectory groups, N (%) | |||||||||||
| Low group | 22 (95.7) | 1 (4.3) | <0.001 | 2 (10.5) | 8 (42.1) | 9 (47.4) | 0.002 | 7 (35.0) | 5 (25.0) | 8 (40.0) | 0.039 |
| Intermediate group | 66 (86.8) | 10 (13.2) | 11 (16.7) | 29 (43.9) | 26 (39.4) | 24 (35.3) | 23 (33.8) | 21 (30.9) | |||
| High group | 17 (56.7) | 13 (43.3) | 17 (51.5) | 11 (33.3) | 5 (15.2) | 4 (12.1) | 9 (27.3) | 20 (60.6) | |||
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SEM, standard error of the mean; BMI, body mass index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; IHI, isolated head injury.
Bolded values represent statistically significant comparisons where alpha<0.05.