Table 2B.
S100b Serum Bivariate Associations between Outcomes, Demographic/Clinical Variables, S100b Average Levels, Peak Levels, and Trajectory Groups
| |
Acute care mortality |
Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) |
Disability Rating Scale (DRS) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Alive | Dead | p-value | 1 | 2/3 | 4/5 | p-value | 0–3 | 4–14 | 15–30 | p-value |
| Gender, N (%) | |||||||||||
| Female | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | 0.052 | 11 (55.0) | 6 (30.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0.462 | 2 (10.0) | 5 (25.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.360 |
| Male | 43 (72.9) | 16 (27.1) | 19 (37.3) | 20 (39.2) | 12 (23.5) | 13 (26.0) | 9 (18.0) | 28 (56.0) | |||
| Age, years, mean±SEM | 32.9±2.1 | 44.1±2.8 | 0.003 | 46.1±2.7 | 33.0±3.1 | 26.5±2.3 | <0.001 | 27.8±3.6 | 31.2±3.5 | 42.9±2.5 | 0.002 |
| BMI, mean±SEM | 25.9±0.8 | 27.1±1.1 | 0.193 | 27.1±1.0 | 26.4±1.3 | 25.9±1.8 | 0.356 | 25.4±1.9 | 28.0±2.0 | 26.6±0.8 | 0.280 |
| GCS, median | 7 | 5 | 0.030 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 0.034 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 0.001 |
| ISS, mean±SEM | 33.8±1.5 | 37.7±1.8 | 0.114 | 35.9±1.8 | 34.6±1.8 | 34.4±2.9 | 0.844 | 32.9±2.6 | 33.9±2.8 | 36.3±1.5 | 0.506 |
| Hypothermia treatment, N (% yes) | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.319 | 2 (18.2) | 3 (27.3) | 6 (54.5) | 0.018 | 6 (60.0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (30.0) | 0.010 |
| Long-bone fracture, N (% fractured) | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.171 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0.048 | 2 (33.3) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (16.7) | 0.043 |
| Isolated head injury, N (% with IHI) | 23 (63.9) | 13 (36.1) | 0.810 | 16 (47.1) | 13 (38.2) | 5 (14.7) | 0.465 | 6 (18.2) | 6 (18.2) | 21 (63.6) | 0.756 |
| Mechanism of injury | |||||||||||
| Automobile/motorcycle | 40 (71.4) | 16 (28.6) | 0.084 | 17 (34.7) | 19 (38.8) | 13 (26.5) | 0.156 | 12 (25.0) | 11 (22.9) | 25 (52.1) | 0.665 |
| Fall/jump | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 9 (75.0) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (8.3) | 9 (75.0) | |||
| Other | 7 (70.0) | 3 (30.0) | 4 (44.4) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (11.2) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 6 (66.7) | |||
| Radiological injury type, N (% present) | |||||||||||
| Subdural hhematoma | 30 (62.5) | 18 (37.5) | 0.615 | 21 (44.7) | 17 (36.2) | 9 (19.1) | 0.755 | 9 (19.6) | 10 (21.7) | 27 (58.7) | 0.774 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 36 (61.0) | 23 (39.0) | 0.153 | 27 (49.1) | 16 (29.1) | 12 (21.8) | 0.093 | 11 (20.4) | 8 (14.8) | 35 (64.8) | 0.025 |
| Diffuse axonal injury | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | 0.412 | 5 (29.4) | 6 (35.3) | 6 (35.3) | 0.259 | 6 (35.3) | 3 (17.6) | 8 (47.1) | 0.343 |
| Epidural hematoma | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | >0.999 | 5 (35.7) | 6 (21.4) | 6 (42.9) | 0.102 | 6 (42.9) | 2 (14.2) | 6 (42.9) | 0.127 |
| Contusion | 19 (50.0) | 19 (50.0) | 0.007 | 20 (54.1) | 11 (29.7) | 6 (16.2) | 0.157 | 7 (18.9) | 6 (16.2) | 24 (64.9) | 0.402 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | 0.412 | 8 (42.1) | 7 (36.8) | 4 (21.1) | >0.999 | 4 (21.1) | 2 (10.5) | 13 (68.4) | 0.435 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 17 (68.0) | 8 (32.0) | 0.801 | 11 (50.0) | 8 (36.4) | 3 (13.6) | 0.565 | 2 (9.5) | 7 (33.3) | 12 (57.2) | 0.115 |
| S100b Levels (pg/mL), mean±SEM | |||||||||||
| S100b average levels | 9.61±1.37 | 21.15±3.98 | 0.001 | 19.39±3.64 | 10.26±1.80 | 10.68±3.08 | 0.112 | 10.49±3.03 | 10.06±2.63 | 17.12±2.82 | 0.236 |
| S100b peak levels | 16.12±2.11 | 33.43±5.89 | 0.002 | 30.42±5.41 | 17.58±2.73 | 18.44±4.78 | 0.181 | 18.21±4.62 | 16.56±3.96 | 27.39±4.19 | 0.267 |
| S100b trajectory groups, N (%) | |||||||||||
| Low group | 34 (79.1) | 9 (20.9) | 0.015 | 12 (31.6) | 16 (42.1) | 10 (26.3) | 0.150 | 9 (24.3) | 9 (24.3) | 19 (51.4) | 0.458 |
| High group | 18 (51.4) | 17 (48.6) | 18 (54.5) | 10 (30.3) | 5 (15.2) | 6 (18.2) | 5 (15.1) | 22 (66.7) | |||
SEM, standard error of the mean; BMI, body mass index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; IHI, isolated head injury.
Bolded values represent statistically significant comparisons where alpha<0.05.