Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants (data are % of people unless otherwise stated)
| Control (n = 1,236) | Intervention (n = 1,190) | Standardised difference (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of practices | 109 | 107 | |
| No. of participants per practice [median (range)] | 7 (1–56) | 7 (1–52) | |
| No. of long-term health conditions per persona [mean (SD)] | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.5) | 1.2 |
| Site | |||
| Cornwall | 37.9 | 43.0 | 10.4 |
| Kent | 33.2 | 32.1 | −2.3 |
| Newham | 28.9 | 24.9 | −9.1 |
| Age [mean (SD) age in years] | 75.4 (14.2) | 75.4 (14.5) | 0.0 |
| <65 years | 19.9 | 20.7 | 1.9 |
| 65–74 years | 20.1 | 18.7 | −3.4 |
| 75–84 years | 32.4 | 32.2 | −0.4 |
| ≥85 | 27.7 | 28.4 | 1.6 |
| Female | 67.5 | 67.6 | 0.2 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 75.0 | 77.3 | 5.4 |
| Non-white | 9.8 | 10.3 | 1.5 |
| Unknown | 15.2 | 12.4 | −8.0 |
| Area-level deprivationb (mean (SD)) | 29.0 (14.5) | 28.5 (13.9) | −3.6 |
| First quartile | 8.2 | 5.3 | −11.7 |
| Second quartile | 14.9 | 18.5 | 9.7 |
| Third quartile | 34.5 | 34.9 | 1.0 |
| Fourth quartile | 42.4 | 41.2 | −2.3 |
| Service use (3 months prior to start date) | |||
| Hospital admission | 17.2 | 18.6 | 3.7 |
| Surgery visitc | 77.8 | 76.4 | −3.4 |
| Local authority social care | 33.3 | 33.5 | 0.4 |
| Emergency hospital admissions per head [mean (SD)] | 0.14 (0.46) | 0.18 (0.53) | 7.3 |
| Hospital bed days per head [mean (SD)] | 1.86 (7.83) | 2.09 (8.51) | 2.7 |
| Elective hospital admissions per head [mean (SD)] | 0.09 (0.34) | 0.10 (0.49) | 0.9 |
| Outpatient attendances per head [mean (SD)] | 1.04 (2.38) | 1.08 (2.08) | 1.9 |
| A&E visits per head [mean (SD)] | 0.15 (0.48) | 0.19 (0.53) | 7.2 |
| Falls admissions per head [mean (SD)] | 0.02 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.21) | 7.4 |
| General practitioner contacts per headc [mean (SD)] | 2.04 (2.34) | 2.30 (2.72) | 10.2 |
| Practice nurse contacts per headc [mean (SD)] | 0.81 (2.03) | 0.96 (2.49) | 6.8 |
| Domiciliary care weeks per head [mean (SD)] | 3.82 (5.76) | 3.79 (5.71) | −0.6 |
| Care home weeks per head [mean (SD)] | 0.07 (0.90) | 0.02 (0.43) | −6.9 |
| Cost over 3 months prior to trial | |||
| Hospital tariff cost per head [£ mean (SD)] | 601 (1719) | 628 (1789) | 1.6 |
| GP surgery cost per headc [£ mean (SD)] | 91 (110) | 104 (124) | 11.3 |
| Social care cost per head [£ mean (SD)] | 997 (1512) | 963 (1455) | −2.3 |
| Combined predictive model scored | 0.24 (0.19) | 0.24 (0.18) | 0.2 |
| Low risk | 18.8 | 17.1 | −4.3 |
| Moderate risk | 34.0 | 34.7 | 1.3 |
| High risk | 39.0 | 40.5 | 3.1 |
| Very high risk | 8.2 | 7.7 | −1.9 |
SD, standard deviation.
aCount of long-term health conditions is based on inpatient hospital data.
bn = 1,227 for the control group, n = 1,188 for the intervention group. First quartile is least deprived, fourth quartile is most deprived. Deprivation scores are based on Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007.
cn = 1,032 for the control group, n = 889 for the intervention group
dn = 1,090 for the control group, n = 1,044 for the intervention group. Risk categories denote top proportions of site population: very high risk (0.5%), high risk (0.5–5%), moderate risk (5–20%) and low risk (20–100%).