Table 2.
Studies investigating cancer.
| Reference | Country | Industrial background | Health outcome | Epidemiological design | Exposure assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zambon et al., 2007 [4] | Italy | Industrial waste incinerators, Municipal solid waste incinerators, Medical waste incinerators, thermal power plants, oil refinery industrial plants for the production of primary aluminium | Visceral and extravisceral sarcoma |
Case control (72 cases and 405 controls) | Dispersion modeling (Industrial Source Complex Model in long-term mode, version 3 (ISCLT3)) |
| Biggeri et al., 1996 [5] | Italy | Shipyard, iron foundry, incinerator, and Trieste city center | Lung cancer (mortality) | Case-control study (755 case-control pairs) | Distance and angle from each subject location to each pollution source |
| Yu et al., 2006 [6] |
Taiwan | Oil refinery | Leukemia | Case control (171 cases and 410 controls) | Distance, based on previous studies (3 km radius from the geographic centroid of any of the four petrochemical complexes) |
| Simonsen et al., 2010 [7] | United States | Petrochemical industries | Lung cancer (registry) | Case control (455 cases and 437 controls) | Distance (0.5 miles, 1 mile, and 2 miles) |
| Edwards et al., 2006 [8] | United Kingdom | Iron and steel, chemical, and heavy engineering industries | Lung cancer (registry) | Case-control study (204 cases and 339 controls) | Distance, guided by a validation study using data from historical records |
| Petrauskaite et al., 2002 [9] | Lithuania | Production of mineral fertilizers, aluminum fluoride, and sulfuric acid | Lung cancer (mortality) | Case-control study (410 cases 410 controls) | Distance, based on measurements of sulfuric acid and the prevailing wind (6 km) |
| Lopez-Cima et al., 2011 [10] | Spain | 23 industrial installations reporting to the EPER | Lung cancer | Case-control study (626 case, 626 controls) | Distance |
| Pascal et al., 2011 [1] |
France | Oil refining, oil storage, petrochemical and organic chemical activities, chlorine chemistry, steel and metal working, chemical plants, waste incineration plant, port | All cancers, lung cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and acute leukemia (hospitalisations) | Standardised incidence ratio | Coupling of a dispersion model (ADMS4), a meteorological model and kriging to assess the SO2 levels |
| Viel et al., 2011 [11] | France | 13 municipal solid waste incinerators | Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (registry) | Standardised incidence ratio | Dispersion model (Atmospheric Dispersion Model System version 3—ADMS 3) for each category of pollutants (dioxins, metals, and dusts) |
| Perceived exposure areas (criteria not | |||||
| Bhopal et al., 1994 [12] Bhopal et al., 1998 [13] |
United Kingdom | Coke ovens (66 from 1980) | Cancer (registry) | Standardised incidence ratio | specified), modeled exposure (model not specified) 24-hour mean daily measures of SO2 and smoke over 56 months (1987–91) |
| Wilkinson et al., 1999 [14] | United Kingdom | 11 oil refineries | Lymphohaematopoietic malignancy | Standardised incidence ratio | Distance (0–2 km, 0–7.5 km, and eight bands around refinery perimeters) |
| Axelsson et al., 2010 [15] | Sweden | Industrial complex including a large cracker producing ethylene and propene | Leukemia, lymphoma, cancers of the lung, liver, and central nervous system, all cancers taken together (registry) | Standardised incidence ratio | Models (unspecified) of ethylene levels |
| Eitan et al., 2010 [16] | Israel | Petroleum refineries, oil-fired power plant, and several large petrochemical, chemical, and agrochemical industries | Lung cancer, bladder cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | Standardised incidence ratio | Spatial interpolation of SO2 and PM10 routine monitoring data |
| Schechter et al., 1989 [17] | Canada | Two natural gas refineries | Cancer (registry) | Standardised incidence ratio | Unclear |
| Monge-Corella et al., 2008 [18] | Spain | 18 EPER-registered paper, pulp, and board industries | Lung cancer (mortality) | Standardised incidence ratio | Distance (≤5 km from a paper, pulp, and board industry, ≤5 km from any other industrial installation, towns having no EPER-registered industry within 5 km of their municipal centroid (reference level)) |
| Pless-Mulloli et al., 1998 [19] | United Kingdom | Teeside | Lung cancer (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance (0.1–2.7 km, 1.5–4 km, and farther) |
| García-Pérez et al., 2010 [20] | Spain | 118 integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) category 2 metal production and processing installations which report their emissions to the EPER | Leukemia (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | See Monge-Corella |
| García-Pérez et al., 2009 [21] | Spain | 57 combustion installations which report their emissions to the EPER | Lung, larynx, and bladder cancer (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | See Monge-Corella |
| García-Pérez et al., 2010 [22] | Spain | 118 integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) category 2 metal production and processing installations that reported their releases to air and water in 2001 | Tumours of the digestive system (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | See Monge-Corella |
| Ramis et al., 2009 [23] | Spain | 452 industries reporting releases to air to the EPER, grouped by industrial sector | Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (mortality) | Standardized mortality ratio | Distance (1, 1.5, and 2 km). |
| Cambra et al., 2011 [24] | Spain | 284 industries declaring to the EPER emissions of pollutants | Lung cancer (mortality), haematological tumours (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance (<2 km, >2 km) |
| Michelozzi et al., 1998 [25] | Italy | A large waste disposal site (one of the largest in Europe), a waste incinerator, and a petrochemical refinery | All cancers, laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, and lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance (3, 8, 10 km, 10 concentric circles with a radius increasing from 1 to 10 km to define nine bands) |
| Pekkanen et al., 1995 [26] | Finland | Refinery | Leukemia, hematological cancers, all cancers (registries) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance (4,4–7.9, 8–11.9, 12–15.9, and >16 km) |
| Sans et al., 1995 [27] | United Kingdom | Petrochemical processing: alcohols, styrene, olefins, benzene, vinyl chloride monomer, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) | Cancer incidence and mortality for all cancers, leukaemias, and cancer of the larynx | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance (0–3 km, 7–5 km, and eight bands between circles of radii 0.5, 1–0, 2–0, 3–0, 4–6, 5–7, 6-7, and 7–5 km) |
| Yang et al., 2000 [28] | Taiwan | Kaohsiung oil refinery | Lung cancer (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance |
| Pan et al., 1994 [29] | Taiwan | Kaohsiung oil refinery | Cancer in children (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | Distance |
| Tsai et al., 2009 [30] | Taiwan | Petrochemical industries | Bladder cancer (mortality) | Standardised mortality ratio | In each district, the number of employees of the industries divided by the population, in three clases |