Table 3.
Studies investigating morbidity.
| Reference | Country | Industrial background | Health outcome | Epidemiological design | Exposure assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fung et al., 2007 [35] | Canada | Sarnia “Chemical Valley” | All hospital admissions, admissions with a primary diagnosis of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases | Standardized admissions ratio | Comparison of three cities, annual averages of SO2, NO2, and O3 |
| Pascal et al., 2011 [1] | France | Oil refining, oil storage, petrochemical and organic chemical activities, chlorine chemistry, steel and metal working, chemical plants, waste incineration plant, port | Hospitalisations for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases | Poisson regression models | Coupling of a dispersion model (ADMS4), a meteorological model and kriging to assess the SO2 levels |
| Kosatsky et al., 2004 [36] | Canada | industrial area in Montreal | Hospitalisations for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases | Standardised admissions rates | O3, NOx, SO2, and PM measurements |
| Bhopal et al., 1994 [12] Bhopal et al., 1998 [13] |
United Kingdom | Coke ovens (66 from 1980) | GPs activity: data on consultations, chronic conditions, hospital admissions, and current drug treatments. Lung function, Self-reported respiratory, and nonrespiratory health including asthma | Age and sex standardised rates and ratios, questionnaires (6399 adults, 1888 children) time series | Perceived exposure areas (criteria not specified), modeled exposure (model not specified) 24-hour mean daily measures of SO2 and smoke over 56 months (1987–91) |
| Aylin et al., 2001 [37] | United Kingdom | Coke works | Hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases | Standardised admissions rates | Distance (7.5 km) |
|
| |||||
| Patel et al., 2008 [38] | India | Vapi industrial area, dyes, chemical plants | Respiratory health, lung function | Questionnaires (2, 573 women) | Distance (<2 km, 2-3 km, 3-4 km, and farther) |
| De Marco et al., 2010 [39] | Italy | Largest chipboard industrial park | Respiratory and skin diseases | Questionnaires (ISAAC (1998), ECRHS (2002), SIDRIA, MM040NA and MM080 standardized questionnaires, 3854 children) | Distance (no wood factories <2 km from home and school (“unexposed” group) at least 1 low emission factory (but no chipboard industries) <2 km from home or school (group “at low exposure”), at least 1 chipboard industry <2 km from home or school (group “at high exposure”) |
| Dubnov et al., 2007 [40] |
Israel | Major coal-fired power station | Health status, pulmonary function tests (PFT), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1) | Questionnaires (ATS and National Heart and Lung Institute) (1492 children) | NOx ∗ SO2 during acute episodes (NOx and SO2 measurements above 0.125 and 0.070 ppm, respectively, during 30 mn), based on a map interpolated from 12 monitoring stations |
| Ginns and Gatrell, 1996 [41] | United Kingdom | Cement works | Respiratory health | Questionnaire (362 children) | Distance (near the industry versus area 9 to 19 km away) |
| Halliday et al., 1993 [42] |
Australia | Power stations | Asthma, general symptoms, measurement of lung function, bronchial reactivity, and skin test atopy was | Questionnaire (851 children) | Distance (near the industry versus area 40 km away) |
| Peled et al., 2005 [43] | Israel | 2 power plants | Health status, lung function (peak expiratory flow) | Nested cohort study (285 children), questionnaire based on the American Thoracic Society's (ATS) ATS-DLD-78 | PM10 and PM2.5 daily measurements at 6 stations |
| Pignato et al., 2004 [44] |
Italy | Petrochemical industries and oil refineries | Self-reported asthma, asthma-like symptoms, and allergic rhinitis | Questionnaires (1180 children) | Annual mean NO2 measurements |
| Rusconi et al., 2011 [45] | Italy | Biggest high complexity refinery in the Mediterranean Sea and largest European liquid fuel gasification plant | Asthma, respiratory symptoms in children, FENO, and lung function measurements | Questionnaires (ISAAC) | Measurement of weekly concentrations of SO2, benzene, NO2, O3 |
| Stenlund et al., 2009 [46] | Sweden | Steel industry | Self-reported health symptoms bronchitis- and asthma-like, and neurasthenic | Interventional, population-based questionnaire study (684 adults) | distance (two areas relatively close and relatively distant) |
| De Moraes et al., 2010 [47] | Brazil | Petrochemical complex | Wheezing | Questionnaires (ISAAC) (209 children) | Cities in a 5-kilometer radius, communities established downwind of the petrochemical complex and thus, under greater influence of its dispersion plume (A, B, C), were classified as “exposed communities” (ECs) Those upwind of the plant and thus less exposed to its dispersion plume (D, E) were used as reference communities (RCs) |
| Jadsri et al., 2006 [48] | Thailand | 50 chemical industries | Respiratory diseases | Spatial regression analysis | Dispersion of SO2, NOx, and TSP |
| Câra et al., 2007 [49] | Romania | Iron, steel, and coke factory | Wheezing | Comparison of two periods before and after the closure of the factory (GPs information for 874 children) | Distance (near the industry and 10 km away) |
| Pless-Mulloli et al., 2000 [50] Pless-Mulloli et al., 2001 [51] |
United Kingdom | Opencast coal mining sites | Respiratory illnesses | Questionnaires (3216 children) and GPs records (2442 records) | Distance (5 cities near industries and 5 referent cities further away) |
| Smargiassi et al., 2009 [52] | Canada | Refinery | Emergency visits and hospital admissions for asthma in children | time stratified case-crossover | Distance (0.5–7.5 km) and daily SO2 measurements, at-home estimates of daily exposure based on a dispersion model (AERMOD) |
| Howel et al., 2001 [53] | United Kingdom | Opencast coal mines | Respiratory health | GP data, respiratory events (2442) | Distance, PM10 measurements |
| White et al., 2009 [54] | South Africa | Petrochemical refinery | Respiratory health | Questionnaire (ISAAC) (2361 children) | Distance, wind direction, and speed |
| Wichmann et al., 2009 [55] | Argentina | Petrochemical industries | Respiratory health, lung function (standard spirometry) | Questionnaires (1191 children) | Distance, near petrochemical industries, near heavy roads, and 2 relatively nonpolluted areas, PM and VOCs measurements |
| Yogev-Baggio et al., 2010[56] | Israel | Coal-fired power plant | Respiratory health, lung function (forced expiratory volume) | Questionnaires (1181 children) | NOx ∗ SO2 during acute episodes (NOx and SO2 measurements above 0.125 and 0.070 ppm, respectively, during 30 mn), based on a map interpolated from 12 monitoring stations |
| Aungudornpukdee et al., 2010 [57] | Thailand | 15 chemical industries | short-term memory dysfunction | Weschsler intelligence scale for children, questionnaires (2955 children) | Distance to major air pollution sources (industries, roads, etc.) |
| Atari et al., 2009 [58] | Canada | Sarnia “Chemical Valley” | General health status, odour annoyance | Telephone interviews (804) | Land use regression (LUR) modeling based on SO2 and NO2 measurements |