Table 1.

Descriptive statistics and individual measures for cumulative risk and promotive factors

Variable (number of items)	M	SD	α	Sample item (type of scale)
Promotive
Violence self-efficacy (5)	2.38	.85	.79	How sure are you that you can stay out of fights? (5-pt Likert scale, 0 = not at all, 4 = extremely).
Violence attitudes (6) (reverse coded)	2.86	.82	.75	If a person hits you, you should hit them back. (5-pt Likert scale, 1 – strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree).
Religious involvement (1)	2.09	2.10	NA	In the last year, how often did you take part in religious services or participate in activities offered by a hourse of workship, church, temple, mosque or synagogue? (7-pt Likert scale. 0 = not at all, 6 = more than once a week.
Positive peer behavior (4)	1.54	.80	.69	How many of your friends take part in school clubs, athletics or school council? (5-pt Likert scale, 0 = none, 4 = all).
Live with Parent or Guardian (1)	.80	.40	NA	Do you live with a parent or guardian? (0 = no, 1 = yes).
Parent monitoring (7)	2.94	.66	.78	When I am not at home, one of them [parents] knows where I am and who I am with. (4-pt Likert scale, 0 = Definitely NO!, 4 = Definitely YES!).
Risk
Alcohol (1)	1.69	.90	NA	In the past 12 months, how often did you have a drink that containing alcohol? (4-pt Likert scale, 0 = Never, 4 = Daily or almost daily).
Marijuana use (1)	2.47	2.39	NA	In the past 12 months, how many days did you use marijuana? (0 = Never, 6 = Everyday or almost every day).
Delinquency (11)	.35	.46	.86	During the past 12 months, how often have you damaged property on purpose? (5-pt Likert scale, 0 = never, 4 = more than once a week).
Failing grades/dropped out (1)	4.83	2.33	NA	What kind of grades do you usually get?
Gang involvement (1)	.07	.26	NA	Are you in a gang? (0 = no, 1 = yes).
Negative peer behavior (8)	1.17	.71	.81	How many of your friends get into fights? (5-pt Likert scale, 0 = none, 4 = all).
Family conflict (2)	1.66	.82		Family members get so angry they throw things. (4-pt Likert scale, 1 = hardly ever, 4 = often).
Exposure to community violence (5)	.85	.61	.70	In the past 12 months how often has this happened: I saw gangs in my neighborhood? (4-pt Likert scale, 0 = never, 3 = many times).