Table 3.
Effects of Head Start compared to other specific types of care arrangements
| Head Start vs. Parental |
Head Start vs. Pre-kindergarten |
Head Start vs. Other center-based |
Head Start vs. Other non-parental |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting | ||||
| Low parental warmth | 0.44* (−2.23) |
0.79 (−0.81) |
0.82 (−0.56) |
0.61 (−0.76) |
| Parental harshness | 0.58 (−1.55) |
1.41 (1.36) |
1.04 (0.15) |
0.81 (−0.38) |
| Child’s low access to learning | 0.46* (−2.17) |
0.39** (−3.20) |
0.35** (−2.93) |
0.27* (−2.38) |
| Child Maltreatment | ||||
| Spanking | 0.54* (−2.18) |
0.93 (−0.42) |
0.62* (−2.25) |
0.58+ (−1.66) |
| Other physical assault | 0.55+ (−1.67) |
1.06 (0.14) |
1.06 (0.20) |
0.79 (−0.58) |
| Neglect | 1.03 (0.07) |
1.19 (0.58) |
0.45** (−3.97) |
0.30* (−2.11) |
| CPS contact | 0.55* (−2.01) |
0.75 (−0.66) |
0.88 (−0.22) |
1.22 (0.36) |
Notes: The results were from propensity score matching analyses (i.e., Model 5 in Table 2), which were conducted separately in sub-samples consisting of Head Start participants and children who received one of other specific care arrangements. The sample sizes were 622 for Head Start vs. exclusively parental care, 700 for Head Start vs. pre-kindergarten, 724 for Head Start vs. other center-based care, and 656 for Head Start vs. other non-parental care. Odd ratios with z-statistics (clustered at city level) in parentheses
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
+
p<0.10