Appendix 2.
Effects of Head Start using inverse probability weighting
| Head Start vs. Non-HS |
Head Start vs. Parental |
Head Start vs. Pre-kindergarten |
Head Start vs. Other center-based |
Head Start vs. Other non-parental |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting | |||||
| Low parental warmth | 1.03 (0.22) |
0.94 (−0.20) |
1.02 (0.09) |
1.07 (0.35) |
0.96 (−0.13) |
| Parental harshness | 1.35 (1.60) |
0.96 (−0.19) |
1.32 (1.42) |
1.31 (1.40) |
1.25 (0.61) |
| Low access to learning | 0.49** (−4.34) |
0.53** (−2.82) |
0.40** (−3.50) |
0.48** (−4.26) |
0.46* (−2.49) |
| Child Maltreatment | |||||
| Spanking | 0.74** (−2.69) |
0.73+ (−1.73) |
1.28 (1.15) |
0.69** (−2.95) |
0.69* (−2.40) |
| Other physical assault | 1.16 (0.82) |
1.28 (0.95) |
1.07 (0.25) |
1.24 (1.00) |
0.86 (−0.43) |
| Neglect | 1.38 (1.64) |
1.53 (1.52) |
1.62* (1.96) |
1.06 (0.26) |
1.19 (0.51) |
| CPS contact | 1.05 (0.18) |
0.65 (−1.42) |
1.03 (0.08) |
1.22 (0.65) |
1.35 (0.51) |
Notes: The results were from inverse probability weighting analyses in the full sample (n = 2,807); odd ratios with z-statistics (clustered at city level) in parentheses
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
+
p<0.10