Table 3.

Linear models used to predict the dispersal of butterflies. Four dispersal measurements were modeled from their relationships with a variety of traits (body size, demography, behaviors and ecological specialization were proposed as independent variables). See text for the procedure of model selection. The lower part of the table shows models with wing size as the only regressor, taken for comparison in this study

Response	GLM selected when 17 life-history traits and wing size were proposed	Contribution to R2	Estimate	F	df	P	Adj.R2
Mean dispersal distance	Intercept	−3.805	−3.805	17.03	11–17	<0.0001	0.863
	Larval growth rate	0.276	−0.032***
	Adult habitat range 1	0.068	−0.372*
	Adult habitat range 2	0.092	0.125 (ns)
	Ovigeny index 1	0.085	−3.187***
	Ovigeny index 2	0.071	3.249***
	Mate location	0.104	0.444*
	Ripe egg load	0.062	0.190***
	Adult lifetime	0.056	0.053**
	Mate location × larval dietary breadth	0.043	−0.380***
	Larval growth rate × mate location	0.032	0.006*
	Larval dietary breadth	0.028	1.466***
Frequency of long-distance dispersal	intercept		−3.214	21.45	8–19	<0.0001	0.858
	Length of flight period 1	0.058	−1.273**
	Length of flight period 2	0.335	−1.906***
	Log (wing size)	0.148	0.846**
	Voltinism × adult habitat range	0.142	0.291*
	Voltinism	0.126	−0.779 (ns)
	Adult habitat range	0.046	−0.465 (ns)
	Ovigeny index	0.024	0.328*
	Larval dietary breadth	0.021	−0.151 (ns)
Dispersal propensity	Intercept		−0.586	16.79	9–15	<0.001	0.856
	Thermal tolerance, 1	0.037	−0.029
	Thermal tolerance, 2	0.290	−0.446***
	Overwintering stage	0.201	−0.122***
	Myrmecophily	0.164	−0.031***
	Ripe egg load	0.096	0.036***
	Female precision	0.039	−0.006***
	Ovigeny	0.029	0.286*
	Ovigeny × ripe egg load	0.035	−0.047**
	Ovigeny × female precision	0.018	−0.040*
Gene flow	Intercept		0.515	10.09	6–19	<0.0001	0.775
	Fecundity	0.245	−0.004**
	Female maturation	0.173	0.037***
	Voltinism	0.122	0.120 (ns)
	Ripe egg load	0.080	−0.022 (ns)
	Fecundity × ripe egg load	0.079	0.014***
	Voltinism × ripe egg load	0.076	−0.023**
GLM with wing size only
Mean dispersal distance	Intercept	–	−6.501	11.4	1–27	0.002	0.270
	Log (wing size)		1.529**
Frequency of long-distance dispersal	Intercept	–	−6.805	9.86	1–26	0.005	0.247
	Log (wing size)		1.571**
Dispersal propensity	Intercept	–	−1.708	9.87	1–23	0.005	0.270
	Log (wing size)		0.305 **
Gene flow	Intercept	–	0.753	0.14	1–24	0.720	−0.036
	Log (wing size)		0.001 (ns)

***P < 0.001; **0.001 > P> 0.01; *0.01 > P > 0.05; ns: P > 0.1.

Contribution to R² after the method of Lindeman et al. (1980)